Oscar Fernández León. Abogado socio director LeónOlarte.
Cuando nos enfrentamos al interrogatorio de un testigo que mantiene una versión contraria a la que nosotros sostenemos (contrainterrogatorio), básicamente, podemos encontrarnos con alguna de las siguientes modalidades de testigos:
En el presente post vamos a referirnos al supuesto a), al que podemos denominar testigos cooperativos, es decir, testigos cuyo ánimo es decir la verdad a toda costa pero que mantienen una historia viciada por algún error (memoria, percepción, sugestión, etc.), y que transmiten claramente un comportamiento honesto a la hora de declarar. Este carácter, unido al deseo de actuar colaborando con la justicia, es el que permitirá que durante el interrogatorio el abogado pueda conseguir el objetivo de desacreditar o debilitar el testimonio que ya ha prestado anteriormente.
Lógicamente, descubrir que nos hallamos ante un testigo cooperativo es tarea en la que interviene la intuición del abogado, si bien contribuirá enormemente a alcanzar dicha conclusión el centrarse con atención al comportamiento que desarrolla el testigo durante el interrogatorio directo previo (gestos, forma de hablar, personalidad, comportamiento, etc.), así como el estudio que hayamos realizado previamente.
Dicho esto, para alcanzar el objetivo pretendido es fundamental que desde el comienzo del interrogatorio se cree un lazo o sincronía con el testigo, lo que generará un halo de confianza entre el éste y el abogado. Ello no será fácil pues, insistimos, una vez que el testigo ha presentado su testimonio minutos antes, enfrentarse a una variación del mismo resulta sumamente compleja.
Hablar correctamente, con respeto, dirigiéndonos al testigo por su nombre de pila, favorecerá la creación de un clima de tranquilidad imprescindible para obtener dicha sincronía.
La mirada, debe ser sincera, cálida, acompañándolo y dando continua retroalimentación (feedback) a sus respuestas.
El tono de voz empleado durante esta fase deberá evitar todo tipo de sugestión, imposición o amenaza velada, siendo recomendable un tono suave, ajustado al del propio testigo, invitándolo a que vaya respondiendo de forma cómoda.
Cuando preguntemos, enseñar las palmas de la mano transmite confianza, honestidad y transparencia, lo que inconscientemente favorecerá el clima de colaboración.
Realizar breves exposiciones sobre el tema a tratar antes de preguntar o durante las transiciones, tranquiliza al testigo, pues este observará la colaboración del propio letrado al encarar el interrogatorio.
Por otro lado, el ritmo debe ser (contrariamente al aconsejado para un testigo hostil) pausado o normal, pero nunca rápido, pues en este caso confiamos en la buena fe del testigo y en su capacidad para descubrir su posible error, tarea que solo podremos lograr evitando que se ponga nervioso acosado por un carrusel de preguntas sin solución de continuidad.
Finalmente, en cuanto al contenido del interrogatorio, se aconseja que el testigo alcance la conclusión de que estaba equivocado por sí mismo, por lo que el abogado habrá de realizar las preguntas con mucho tacto, y evitando que considere que se están atacando de forma directa sus capacidades perceptivas o a su memoria. Por lo tanto, hay que llevarlo al error de forma indirecta, aproximándonos poco a poco al desenlace final, y que el testigo al variar su testimonio, lo haga sin riesgo a ver dañada su reputación.
Obviamente, una cosa es la teoría y otra la práctica, y todos sabemos lo extraordinariamente difícil que es conseguir cambiar o debilitar la versión de un testigo adverso; no obstante, esto ocurre a veces, y no es por casualidad. Por ello, en la medida que empleemos estas técnicas, podremos acercarnos a conseguir con más facilidad nuestro objetivo durante el contrainterrogatorio.
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