Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
En la actualidad, solo hay una posibilidad de que los miembros de una pareja de hecho puedan heredar entre ellos y es que otorguen testamento en este sentido.
Si bien es cierto que la tendencia, tanto de legislador como de los tribunales, es equiparar los efectos del matrimonio y los de la pareja de hecho, es más cierto que hoy por hoy los miembros de la pareja de hecho no tienen la consideración de herederos entre ellos. Esto supone que, en el caso de fallecimiento de uno de ellos sin que éste hubiese otorgado testamento a favor del otro, el miembro de la pareja de hecho que sobreviva no tendrá ningún tipo de derecho sobre la herencia del finado.
Se generan así, situaciones que pueden ser tremendamente injustas, con consecuencias a veces dramáticas; pensemos, por ejemplo, en el caso de que la pareja de hecho esté residiendo durante años en una casa que es propiedad sólo de uno de ellos y éste es el que fallece, el otro no tendrá ningún derecho sobre la vivienda que es y ha sido su hogar, por lo que los herederos del fallecido le pueden dejar en la calle sin ningún tipo de contraprestación.
Para evitar este tipo de situaciones y conseguir que el tratamiento del miembro de la pareja que sobrevive no sea el de un auténtico extraño a efectos de la herencia, es necesario que se otorgue testamento; es ésta la única vía que permite que los miembros de la pareja de hecho tengan algún tipo de derecho en la herencia del primero que fallezca.
¿Qué puede heredar el miembro de la pareja de hecho que sobrevive?
En un principio, se puede afirmar que no existen obstáculos para que el testador pueda disponer de sus bienes a favor de su pareja de hecho, solo hay un límite a esa libertad dispositiva y es la existencia de herederos forzosos, ya que en este caso hay que respetar las legítimas.
Se pueden dar tres situaciones:
1.- Que los miembros de la pareja de hecho tengan hijos, sean comunes de ambos o no. Los hijos son herederos forzosos respecto de los padres y si los hay, la ley obliga a reservar a favor de estos, su legítima que comprende dos terceras partes de la herencia de su progenitor. Queda disponible, por lo tanto, para quien haga testamento, la posibilidad de dejar la otra tercera parte de la herencia, que se denomina tercio de libre disposición, a favor de su pareja.
2.- Que los miembros de la pareja de hecho no tengan hijos, pero sí tengan padres. Los padres, en el caso de no existir hijos, son herederos forzosos respecto de los hijos, y si los hay, la ley obliga a reservar a favor de éstos su legítima que comprende la mitad de la herencia de su hijo. Queda disponible, por lo tanto, para quien haga testamento, la posibilidad de dejar la otra mitad de la herencia a favor de su pareja.
3.- Que los miembros de la pareja de hecho no tengan ni hijos ni padres. En este caso no existen herederos forzosos por lo que el testador tiene la libertad de disponer de la totalidad de su herencia, dejando todos sus bienes a su pareja de hecho.
Por lo expuesto, en el caso de las parejas de hecho lo más aconsejable, para evitar problemas y siempre que se quiera proteger a la pareja, es hacer testamento en su favor, dejándole todo lo que la ley permita.
Para finalizar se quiere indicar que el testamento, que se debe otorgar ante Notario, es un acto muy sencillo y además se puede modificar las veces que se deseé, ya que el único testamento que se considera válido es el último que se otorga, deviniendo ineficaces todos los anteriores.
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