Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
La sentencia dictada el pasado 20 de noviembre de 2018 por el Pleno de la Sala de lo Civil del Tribunal Supremo establece que la convivencia con una nueva pareja en el que fuera domicilio familiar, es causa de extinción del derecho de uso que respecto del mismo se hubiera otorgado en la Sentencia o en el convenio que regule los efectos de la separación o divorcio.
Lo primero que debemos tener en cuenta es que la Sentencia se refiere tan solo al derecho de uso que nada tiene que ver con los derechos de propiedad que, en el caso de tratarse de una vivienda adquirida y abonada durante el matrimonio con un régimen económico de gananciales, pertenecerá en propiedad a los cónyuges por mitades e iguales partes.
Pues bien, en el recurso de casación interpuesto por el Ministerio Fiscal al entender que declarar la extinción del derecho de uso vulneraba los derechos de los menores, el Tribunal Supremo fija como cuestión controvertida la determinación de los efectos que produce la convivencia del progenitor, que tiene atribuido el uso de la vivienda familiar junto a los hijos menores, con una nueva pareja, respecto de este derecho de uso.
Es cierto que el Alto Tribunal ya se había pronunciado en sentencias anteriores sobre los efectos que tiene la convivencia de una tercera persona en el domicilio familiar pero siempre referido a las pensiones de alimentos, o en su caso, a la pensión compensatoria: en esta Sentencia da un paso más al considerar que, como se ha dicho, esa convivencia es causa para extinguir el derecho de uso atribuido respecto del domicilio familiar.
El Tribunal fundamenta su decisión en que la convivencia de una nueva pareja en el que fuera domicilio familiar, conlleva que la vivienda pierda la naturaleza o carácter de “familiar”, toda vez que con la entrada del tercero, la vivienda deja de servir a los fines del matrimonio y por lo tanto desaparece la cusa que motivo la existencia y atribución de ese derecho de uso del domicilio familiar. Así afirma que: “El derecho de uso de la vivienda familiar existe y deja de existir en función de las circunstancias que concurren en el caso. Se confiere y se mantiene en tanto que conserve este carácter familiar. La vivienda sobre la que se establece el uso no es otra que aquella en que la familia haya convivido como tal, con una voluntad de permanencia “.
El hecho de que una tercera persona empiece a convivir en el domicilio familiar, supone la pérdida de ese carácter ya que ahora el uso de la vivienda sirve a una familia distinta y diferente.
Concluye la Sentencia diciendo que la extinción del derecho de uso no vulnera el derecho e los menores ya que no les priva del derecho a una vivienda digna y con las condiciones adecuadas, ni incide en el régimen de custodia establecido, matizando que el interés de los hijos menores no puede desvincularse del de sus padres, siendo posible conciliarlos.
En este escenario dibujado por el Tribunal Supremo, el progenitor que no tiene atribuido el uso del domicilio familiar puede solicitar la liquidación de la sociedad de gananciales y que se proceda a la venta del inmueble, o al menos de la parte que a él le corresponde, bien a un tercero, bien al otro progenitor que sí tiene atribuido el uso.
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