José Luis Borreguero. Abogado.
Aunque aún es bastante desconocido, hace ya algunos años que los países de la Unión Europea establecieron un sistema común para tratar de paliar la enorme dificultad en el cobro de deudas de escasa cuantía derivadas de relaciones transfronterizas mediante el REGLAMENTO (CE) nº 1896/2006 DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO, de 12 de diciembre de 2006. El proceso monitorio europeo es el primer proceso civil común de la Unión Europea, de aplicación en todos los países de la Unión Europea, a excepción de Dinamarca.
La finalidad del Reglamento 1896/2006 fue la creación de un procedimiento europeo uniforme para la obtención de una resolución judicial ejecutiva sobre una deuda, para procurar al acreedor de deudas dinerarias líquidas y vencidas no contestadas, dentro del territorio de la Unión, un título ejecutivo a través de un proceso sencillo y rápido que le permita cobrar la deuda sin costes excesivos, permitiendo la libre circulación de los requerimientos europeos de pago a través de todos los Estados miembros.
Se trata de un proceso especial y sumario que coexiste con los distintos procesos nacionales y que puede utilizarse únicamente para procesos transfronterizos. Configurado como un sistema muy sencillo, no se precisa asistencia letrada o de cualquier otro profesional, construyéndose el procedimiento sobre la base de un conjunto de formularios normalizados, que regulan las comunicaciones entre los órganos jurisdiccionales y las partes, con el fin de facilitar el trámite y permitir un uniforme procesamiento de datos. Pretende ser un proceso “sin prueba”, por cuanto no se exige al solicitante la presentación de documentos o pruebas, aunque debe acompañarse, como condición formal, una información suficiente que justifique la deuda, su cuantía y el vínculo entre la deuda y las pruebas mínimas aducidas. En caso de contestación del deudor, se reconduce el procedimiento al proceso ordinario que corresponda en función de la cuantía.
Es importante destacar que sólo se aplicará a asuntos transfronterizos en materia civil y mercantil, y no a las materias fiscal, aduanera y administrativa, ni los casos en que el Estado incurra en responsabilidad por acciones u omisiones en el ejercicio de su autoridad, ni tampoco a asuntos relacionados con: los regímenes económicos matrimoniales, testamentos y las sucesiones, concursos de acreedores y demás procedimientos análogos, seguridad social y otros específicos como créditos derivados de obligaciones extracontractuales, reconocimientos de deuda, o se refieran a deudas derivadas de una comunidad de propietarios.
A estos efectos, es importante definir qué es un asunto transfronterizo. Tal calificación se da cuando una de las partes está domiciliada o tiene su residencia habitual en un Estado miembro distinto de aquel al que pertenezca el órgano jurisdiccional ante el que se presenta la solicitud.
Si se dan los requisitos necesarios, el órgano jurisdiccional expedirá un requerimiento judicial, que cumpliendo con la normativa nacional sobre notificaciones, podrá convertirse en un título ejecutivo contra el deudor.
Sin embargo, es indudable que tiene ciertos inconvenientes, como la necesidad de realizar los trámites en el idioma aceptado en el país del tribunal donde se realizan los mismos, la dificultad propia de un procedimiento judicial, a pesar del esfuerzo realizado para su uniformidad y simpleza, siendo casi imprescindible la asistencia jurídica, y la posible aplicación de tasas según así lo tenga aprobado cada país, aunque los mismos suelen tratarse de gastos asumibles y proporcionales al importe de las deudas reclamadas. Así y todo, las últimas estadísticas publicadas por la propia Unión Europea informan del salto exponencial en el uso del procedimiento monitorio europeo en los últimos años, fruto quizá de su buen funcionamiento.
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