Mari Carmen Quintero. Graduada en Derecho en prácticas.
Antes que nada, se ha de señalar el concepto de régimen económico matrimonial, que es aquel conjunto de reglas que regulan las relaciones económicas habidas entre los cónyuges y entre el consorcio matrimonial y terceros. En el Derecho español rige el principio de libertad de estipulación capitular del régimen; esto es, los cónyuges pueden elegir cómo regir sus relaciones económicas (mediante capitulaciones matrimoniales) y modificar el régimen otorgado durante la vigencia del matrimonio. Ante la ausencia de previsión por parte de los recién casados o ante la ineficacia de las capitulaciones otorgadas, indica el Código Civil que, en territorio común, regirá entre los cónyuges “el de la sociedad de gananciales”.
El régimen de separación de bienes, regulado en los artículos 1435 a 1444 del Código Civil, es uno de los regímenes económicos matrimoniales en el que cada cónyuge conserva la propiedad, libre disposición y administración de todos sus bienes, y pertenecerán a cada uno de los cónyuges tanto los bienes que tuviesen antes de contraer matrimonio como los que adquieran con posterioridad, por tanto los cónyuges mantienen separados sus patrimonios.
En consecuencia, todos los ingresos que los cónyuges obtengan, procedan de sus bienes o trabajo serán propios, no participando ninguno de ellos en las ganancias del otro, sin perjuicio de la obligación de contribuir a las cargas del matrimonio.
El mismo tiene lugar cuando:
Como todo régimen económico matrimonial, este ostenta una serie de limitaciones (artículos 1318 a 1320 del CC) que son las siguientes:
Por otro lado, según el artículo 1438 del Código Civil, los cónyuges contribuirán al sostenimiento de las cargas del matrimonio y a falta de convenio lo harán proporcionalmente a sus respectivos recursos económicos. Es de destacar que el trabajo para la casa será computado como contribución a las cargas y dará derecho a obtener una compensación que el Juez señalará, a falta de acuerdo, a la extinción del régimen de separación.
¿Qué requisitos se exigen para que tenga lugar dicha compensación?
1º Exista el régimen económico matrimonial de separación de bienes.
2º Se extinga dicho régimen.
3º Uno de los cónyuges haya contribuido a las cargas del matrimonio exclusivamente con su trabajo doméstico.
La misma se ha de solicitar con la disolución del régimen económico matrimonial como consecuencia del proceso matrimonial o tras las capitulaciones matrimoniales o por fallecimiento de uno de los cónyuges. Además, su cuantía se ponderará en función de las circunstancias de cada uno y tiene una prescripción de 5 años.
Hay que tener en cuenta que esta compensación no se debe confundir con la pensión compensatoria del artículo 97 del Código Civil, que normalmente es la que se suele pedir, pues esta, a diferencia de la compensación, procede con independencia del régimen económico del matrimonio, compensa el desequilibrio económico tras la ruptura matrimonial, tiene en cuenta la situación constate al matrimonio y dedicación futura y no tiene en cuenta las cargas y aportaciones al matrimonio. No obstante, ambas son compatibles y podrían pedirse en caso de que se reunieran los requisitos que se exigen para ambas.
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Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
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