Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
El pasado 26 de marzo se pronunció finalmente el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) sobre las cláusulas de vencimiento anticipado en las hipotecas españolas, en respuesta a la cuestión prejudicial formulada por el Tribunal Supremo y un Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona, en procedimiento de Ejecución Hipotecaria en el que se planteaba su posible carácter abusivo.
El supuesto analizado se centraba en resolver si la Directiva 93/13CEE es contraria a la conservación parcial de la cláusula de vencimiento anticipado si la misma es declarada abusiva, declarando únicamente la nulidad de aquellos elementos que se consideraran abusivos, permitiendo continuar el procedimiento de Ejecución Hipotecaria aplicando supletoriamente una norma de derecho nacional, concretamente, el artículo 693.2 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil modificado por la Ley 1/2013, de 14 de mayo, que exige el impago de al menos tres mensualidadespara que pueda instarse la ejecución hipotecaria, en contraposición al impago de una sola mensualidad que venía establecido en la práctica totalidad de las hipotecas españolas.
Hasta el momento, el TJUE había venido diciendo que la facultad del juez nacional para modificar el contenido de estas cláusulas abusivas podría hacer peligrar el objetivo de disuadir a los bancos de aplicar el vencimiento anticipado a los consumidores. Sin embargo, cuando un contrato no pudiera subsistir sin la existencia de la cláusula abusiva, el juez podía suprimirla y sustituirla por una disposición supletoria de derecho nacional, y en este punto lo consideraba justificado al amparo de la Directiva 93/13CEE, ya que con ello se lograba equilibrar los derechos y obligaciones de las partes.
Según la nueva Sentencia del TJUE, los jueces nacionales deberán valorar si la anulación de la cláusula conllevaría que el contrato de hipoteca no pudiera subsistir, teniendo en cuenta los posibles efectos perjudiciales que podría tener sobre el consumidor, en el sentido de poder conllevar la exigibilidad inmediata del pago del capital pendiente de devolución y afectar a los cauces procesales para exigir el pago de la deuda. En tal sentido, refiere que de anularse el contrato, el cobro habría de reclamarse a través de un procedimiento ordinario, mientras que de sustituirse la cláusula por lo establecido en el artículo 693.2 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil, podría seguir utilizándose el procedimiento de Ejecución Hipotecaria permitiendo declarar el vencimiento anticipado del préstamo por el impago de al menos 3 mensualidades.
Manifiesta además que este procedimiento especial beneficia al consumidor al permitirle la posibilidad de liberar el bien hipotecado antes del cierre de la subasta si consigna las mensualidades devengadas así como acogerse al Código de Buenas Prácticas Bancarias o garantizarse que el bien no se venda por un precio inferior al 75% de su valor de tasación.
Si por el contrario, los jueces nacionales consideran que los contratos de hipoteca pueden subsistir sin la cláusula de vencimiento anticipado, deberá abstenerse de aplicarla y sobreseer la Ejecución Hipotecariaobligando al banco a acudir a un procedimiento ordinario, a menos que el consumidor se oponga, por considerar éste que la Ejecución Hipotecaria le resulta más favorable.
En resumen, el TJUE alcanza las siguientes conclusiones que transcribimos literalmente:
• Los artículos 6 y 7 de la Directiva 93/13/CEE del Consejo, de 5 de abril de 1993, sobre las cláusulas abusivas en los contratos celebrados con consumidores, deben interpretarse en el sentido de que, por una parte, se oponen a que una cláusula de vencimiento anticipado de un contrato de préstamo hipotecario declarada abusiva sea conservada parcialmente mediante la supresión de los elementos que la hacen abusiva, cuando tal supresión equivalga a modificar el contenido de dicha cláusula afectando a su esencia.
• Por otra parte, esos mismos artículos no se oponen a que el juez nacional ponga remedio a la nulidad de tal cláusula abusiva sustituyéndola por la nueva redacción de la disposición legal que inspiró dicha cláusula, aplicable en caso de convenio entre las partes del contrato, siempre que el contrato de préstamo hipotecario en cuestión no pueda subsistir en caso de supresión de la citada cláusula abusiva y la anulación del contrato en su conjunto exponga al consumidor a consecuencias especialmente perjudiciales.
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