Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
Actualmente el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) tiene sobre la mesa dos cuestiones de vital importancia para los consumidores españoles afectados por cláusulas suelo y el índice IRPH.
Por un lado, está pendiente de pronunciarse sobre la cuestión prejudicial planteada por la la Audiencia Provincial de Zaragoza en su Auto de 12 de diciembre de 2018 sobre la nulidad de las novaciones y transacciones suscritas entre consumidores y entidades bancarias por la nulidad de la cláusula suelo, en las que el consumidor renunciaba a reclamar las cantidades abonadas en virtud de la aplicación de una cláusula suelo.
Recordemos que el Tribunal Supremo, en su Sentencia de 11 de abril de 2018, avaló, con el voto particular en contra de uno de los magistrados, la validez de un acuerdo suscrito entre el banco y un consumidor en el que éste renunciaba a reclamar por las cantidades abonadas por la aplicación de una cláusula suelo, siempre y cuando se hubieran cumplido las exigencias de transparencia en la firma del acuerdo. Esto es, que los clientes consumidores, tal y como les fue presentado el mismo, estaban en condiciones de conocer las consecuencias económicas y jurídicas de su aceptación.
Pues bien, el Informe de la Comisión Europea de 16 de noviembre de 2018, a raíz de otra cuestión prejudicial también planteada al TJUE por el Juzgado de 1ª Instancia e Instrucción nº 3 de Teruel, ya ha mostrado su opinión al respecto, considerando abusivos los acuerdos que los consumidores firmaron con su banco comprometiéndose a no reclamar retroactivamente lo cobrado por la cláusula suelo.
La comisión argumenta que a pesar de que en el acuerdo novatorio se habla de renuncia mutua, como si de un pacto simétrico se tratara, lo cierto es que“los bancos no renuncian a sus derechos de ejecución y el consumidor sí lo hace”. Este desequilibrio entre los derechos y obligaciones de ambas parteses abusivo y, por tanto, el consumidor podrá demandar si se considera lesionado. Refiere además que se trata de cláusulas redactadas de antemano por el profesional y en cuyo contenido el consumidor no ha influido, viendo limitadas sus opciones a la posibilidad de aceptar o rechazar el contrato en su conjunto.
Y por otro lado, se prevé que a finales de este año el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea se pronuncie sobre otra cuestión prejudicial, esta vez en relación con las hipotecas referenciadas al IRPH (Índice de Referencia de Préstamos Hipotecarios), que fue elevada por el Juzgado de instrucción nº 38 de Barcelona en febrero de 2018, en la que cuestionó que el Tribunal Supremo se ajustara a la doctrina europea tras haber fallado a favor de los bancos en noviembre de 2017 concluyendo sobre la validez de este índice oficial, al considerar que no implicaba un abuso respecto al consumidor ni falta de transparencia.
A este respecto también se ha pronunciado ya la Comisión Europeaen su informe de 17 de septiembre de 2018, posicionándose a favor de los consumidores afectados por el IRPH, considerando que el mismo, a pesar de ser un índice oficial, debe ser examinado desde el punto de vista de la transparencia, teniendo en cuenta la publicidad y la información ofrecida por el banco, debiendo verificarse si éste comunicó al consumidor “todos los elementos que podían incidir en el alcance de su compromiso, permitiéndole evaluar, en particular, el coste total de su préstamo”. Caso contrario, la cláusula referenciada al IRPH deberá considerarse abusiva. Por el momento toca esperar que el TJUE se pronuncie sobre ambas cuestiones, pero en caso de resultar favorable a los consumidores, nos encontraríamos ante un nuevo “varapalo” al Tribunal Supremo después que en diciembre de 2016 resolviera sobre la retroactividad de la nulidad de las cláusulas suelo, en contra del criterio de la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 9 de mayo de 2013.
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