Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
En el ámbito de las reclamaciones de deudas e impagados, es habitual que las empresas acreedoras, o entidades contratadas por éstas dedicadas profesionalmente a gestionar el cobro de deudas (empresas de recobro), contacten de forma reiterada con sus deudores mediante continuas llamadas telefónicas, cartas o mensajes para reclamarles el pago de créditos impagados bajo la advertencia que de no hacerlo, serán incluidos en listas de morosos y se procederá contra ellos por la vía judicial avisando del embargo de su patrimonio.
En algunos casos, y esto nos consta por experiencia propia de algunos de nuestros clientes, estas entidades llegan a valerse del engaño y conductas ofensivas para compeler y atemorizar al deudor, advirtiéndole del embargo inminente de su patrimonio, cuando tal circunstancia sólo es posible a través de un procedimiento judicial, o de que está cometiendo un delito al no pagar su deuda advirtiéndole del inicio de acciones penales, cuando el impago de un crédito no está previsto como delito en nuestro Código Penal.
En otras ocasiones, hemos llegado incluso a conocer que estas empresas contactan con familiares del deudor, incluso vecinos, para informarles de la deuda que éste mantiene y compelerles a que le convenzan de que paguen, atentado contra su derecho al honor y suministrando información a terceras personas que se encuentra protegida por la Ley de Protección de datos.
Este tipo de conductas pueden llegar a ser calificadas como un delito de coacciones, definido en el Código Penal como aquel que comete quien, sin estar legítimamente autorizado, impidiere a otro con violencia hacer lo que la ley no prohíbe, o le compeliere a efectuar lo que no quiere, sea justo o injusto. En estos supuestos generalmente se condena al delito en su tipo leve (antes conocido como falta) castigado con pena de multa de uno a tres meses (art. 172.3 Código Penal), cuando se ejerce una “presión desmedida” contra el deudor. El tipo básico del delito, concurrente en supuestos de mayor gravedad, está castigado con prisión de seis meses a tres años, y viene definido en el Código Penal (art. 172.1).
Entre los numerosos casos existentes en nuestra jurisprudencia, destacamos el resuelto por la Audiencia Provincial de Teruel de fecha 18 de enero de 2013, en cuya Sentencia fue condenada una empresa dedicada al cobro de morosos por un delito de coacciones ante las continuas llamadas telefónicas (hasta 27 en un solo mes, con una media de 5 o 6 llamadas diarias) en las que la empresa intimaba al pago de la deuda con la amenaza de reclamarla judicialmente o incluir al deudor en un registro de morosos.
También la Sentencia dictada por la Audiencia Provincial de Badajoz, que condena a otra empresa de cobro de morosos al considerar probada la “humillación y efectos pretendidos con las expresiones proferidas y las amenazas, del que se desprende un maltrato psicológico siquiera pueda considerarse de carácter leve, con la finalidad o como instrumento para conseguir el cobro pretendido de la deuda.”
Finalmente, la Sentencia de 26 de febrero de 2013 de la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona condena a varios acusados por la comisión de un delito de coacciones castigado con prisión, al tener en cuenta el conjunto de actuaciones seguidas por los acusados destinadas a reclamar el cobro de la deuda. En este caso, considera el Tribunal que si bien las distintas acciones coactivas aisladamente consideradas no serían constitutivas del delito de coacciones, sin embargo, el mantenimiento por parte de los acusados en las reiteradas conductas intimidatorias, con “visitas personales recordatorias de la deuda y su necesidad de abono, las llamadas telefónicas constantes y a cualquier hora del día o de la noche, la remisión de mensajes telefónicos escritos con textos abiertamente conminatorios y sibilinamente amenazantes, el contacto verbal con la hija menor del matrimonio, e incluso el anuncio verbal de seguirse un daño físico -fractura de piernas- para las víctimas de no atender los pagos exigidos”, describen una pluralidad de acciones que individualmente consideradas podrían integrar una falta (ahora llamada delito leve), pero que en conjunto, tratadas como una unidad jurídica conductual, constituyen el delito de coacciones, por llevar implícita una intensidad intimidatoria y coercitiva que rebasa la mera falta.
Si alguno de nuestros lectores se encuentra en una situación similar, recomendamos contactar con un abogado, en primer lugar para conocer cuáles son sus derechos y hasta qué punto las amenazas pueden llegar a cumplirse, y segundo, si se incurre en algunas de las conductas descritas anteriormente, interponer la correspondiente denuncia, o en su caso reclamar ante la Agencia de Protección de datos.
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