Eduardo Olarte Soto. Abogado
¿Tienen las pequeñas y medianas empresas que comercian profesionalmente con bienes la obligación de informar sobre el blanqueo de capitales? O dicho de otra forma, ¿tienen las personas físicas y empresas del comercio (mayorista o minorista) la obligación de adoptar medidas preventivas para detectar operaciones sospechosas? Y, de ser así, y no disponer de ellas, ¿cuáles son las consecuencias de dicha omisión?
Actualmente, cualquier empresa corre el riesgo de convertirse en encubridor involuntario de operaciones de blanqueo de capitales (actividades encaminadas a introducir dentro de la circulación económica capitales o activos procedentes de cualquier actividad delictiva mediante la simulación de un origen lícito). En muchos casos, forman parte de un complejo entramado que dificulta su seguimiento y su prevención y detección es un trabajo complejo. Además, en la mayoría de los casos, esta implicación involuntaria constituye para las empresas un grave riesgo con altas repercusiones legales, financieras y de imagen.
La implicación involuntaria constituye para las empresas un grave riesgo con altas repercusiones legales, financieras y de imagen”
La Ley 10/2010, de Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales (LPBC) obliga a una serie de sujetos a tomar medidas con el objetivo de paliar el fraude y blanqueo de capitales. Establece a tal efecto un listado que incluye:
– Las personas vinculadas a sectores como el financiero, seguros, inmobiliario, dirección o secretaría, sector del lujo, relojerías, joyerías, arte, antigüedades o Fundaciones y asociaciones.
– Toda persona física o jurídica que comercie profesionalmente con bienes (independientemente de su actividad), si bien, las medidas dependerán en cada caso tanto de la naturaleza del propio sujeto como del tipo de clientes al que se apliquen.
Obligaciones de las personas que comercian profesionalmente.
Las personas que comercien profesionalmente con bienes tienen la obligación de realizar el registro del representante de la empresa ante el SEPBLAC (Servicio Ejecutivo de la Comisión de Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales e Infracciones Monetarias). Deben disponer de Manual de medidas y procedimientos y Mapa de riesgo de los clientes, identificándolos y examinando operaciones complejas. Tiene que ser supervisada anualmente por un experto externo, o elaborar e inscribir los ficheros de prevención del blanqueo de acuerdo con lo previsto en la normativa de protección de datos de carácter personal.
Blanqueo de capitales.
Además, para aquellas transacciones en que los cobros o pagos se efectúen en efectivo, cheques bancarios al portador o cualquier otro medio físico (incluidos los electrónicos), por importe superior a 15.000 euros, ya se realicen en una o en varias operaciones entre las que parezca existir algún tipo de relación se impone una obligación constante de diligencia debida.
Para transacciones superiores a 15.000 euros, ya se realicen en una o en varias operaciones entre las que parezca existir algún tipo de relación, se impone una obligación constante de diligencia debida”
Todas estas operaciones requieren una verificación y seguimiento de la actividad del cliente para comprobar que no supone un riesgo de blanqueo de capitales (identificación del cliente por documentos fehacientes, examen de la operación, comunicar al SEPBLAC operaciones sospechosas, conservar los documentos al menos 10 años , no realizar la operación y no relacionarse con dicho cliente).
¿A qué sanciones se expone quien comercie con bienes y no cumpla con las obligaciones?
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