Sergio Díaz López. Abogado Asociado.
Tras la reforma operada en nuestro Código Penal con la Ley Orgánica 1/2015, se ha producido una importante modificación en el régimen de la responsabilidad civil que se deriva de la comisión de delitos para la persona jurídica, ya que lo que hasta dicha reforma consistía en un régimen de responsabilidad subsidiaria por daños derivados de dependientes, se ha visto complementada con un sistema de responsabilidad objetiva y solidaria.
Antes de la reforma operada en el Código Penal, la única referencia a la responsabilidad civil derivada de delito para las personas jurídicas la encontrábamos en el artículo 120 del citado texto legal. El apartado 4º del mencionado artículo, aún vigente tras la reforma, señala que son responsables civilmente, en defecto de los que lo sean criminalmente, las personas naturales o jurídicas dedicadas a cualquier género de industria o comercio, por los delitos que hayan cometido sus empleados o dependientes, representantes o gestores en el desempeño de sus obligaciones o servicios.
Se establece en este artículo una responsabilidad civil para las personas jurídicas que es subsidiaria de la correspondiente al autor del delito, y que por tanto solo operará en defecto de solvencia económica del agente directo del daño provocado por el ilícito penal. Además de subsidiaria, es una responsabilidad objetiva, no concediéndose la posibilidad de exoneración de la misma mediante prueba de la diligencia de la persona jurídica.
La novedad en la regulación del sistema de responsabilidad civil de la persona jurídica por la comisión de delito la encontramos en el artículo 116.3 del Código Penal. En dicho precepto se establece de forma clara que la responsabilidad penal de una persona jurídica llevará consigo su responsabilidad civil en los términos establecidos en el artículo 110 de este Código de forma solidaria con las personas físicas que fueren condenadas por los mismos hechos.
Es decir, que con la nueva regulación del Código Penal, la responsabilidad civil de la persona jurídica no depende de la responsabilidad de personas físicas, sino que es autónoma, depende de su propia responsabilidad penal, no de ilícitos ajenos como sucedía anteriormente. Es una responsabilidad civil objetiva al igual que la establecida en el artículo 120.4 del Código Penal, pero a diferencia de aquella es solidaria con la de las personas físicas que en su caso hayan sido también condenadas en vía penal. En consecuencia, se podrá exigir directamente la responsabilidad civil a la entidad jurídica sin necesidad de esperar a comprobar la solvencia de las personas físicas en su caso implicadas.
Por su parte el artículo 31 ter del Código Penal no exige la individualización de persona física alguna (administrador, persona con capacidad de gestión, empleado) para que se condene penalmente a la persona jurídica. Por tanto, si esa persona física no puede identificarse o individualizarse en un procedimiento penal, no se derivaría responsabilidad civil para ella, y sin embargo, con la nueva regulación sí que sería posible derivar responsabilidad civil a la persona jurídica, y ello precisamente por la posibilidad de ser condenada en vía penal.
Cabe preguntarse si existe algún tipo de contradicción entre los dos sistemas de responsabilidad civil que subsisten actualmente para las personas jurídicas. Aunque es una cuestión no resuelta de forma clara, debemos concluir que la responsabilidad subsidiaria establecida en el artículo 120.4 del Código Penal solo será exigible en los casos en que se haya condenado penalmente a una persona física vinculada a la entidad jurídica, pero sin condena penal para dicha entidad. Por otra parte, el nuevo régimen de responsabilidad se aplicará en casos de condena a la persona jurídica, se haya condenado o no a una persona física.
Fotografía unsplash.com
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