Oscar Fernández León. Socio Director LeónOlarte Abogados.
El interrogatorio y el contrainterrogatorio son dos fases esenciales de todo juicio oral y e los alumnos del Experto en técnicas de litigaciónde UNIR dedican una parte importante del temario a trabajar estos aspectos. Como botón de muestra de los aspectos que más profundamente abordamos sobre esta materia, a continuación sintetizamos algunos de los principios esenciales del interrogatorio:
1.º – Interrogatorio directo es el que realiza una parte procesal a un interrogado que sostiene una versión propicia de los hechos. El contrainterrogatorio es aquel al que somete una parte procesal al interrogado que mantiene una versión de la historia contraria a los intereses de quien interroga.
2.º – Los testigos que aporta cada parte al juicio son, generalmente, personas que tienen una predisposición favorable respecto a la defensa que esa parte sostiene. Su versión es consistente con la del abogado que lo propone como prueba.
3.º- Existen preguntas de distinta naturaleza y su empleo durante el interrogatorio variará en función del tipo de interrogatorio (directo o contrainterrogatorio) que estemos realizando.
4.º- Para interrogar eficazmente se necesita tener un concepto claro de lo que significa la credibilidad de un testigo. Es decir, de la percepción individual que se tiene sobre la veracidad que este transmite.
5.º- El abogado tiene la obligación de conocer profundamente al testigo que va a declarar y el contenido de las declaraciones ya realizadas en la causa. En el interrogatorio directo, la preparación ética del testigo es esencial.
6.º- Sólo se procede a interrogar cuando se tiene un objetivo que desde el punto de vista probatorio resulta relevante y que, en la práctica, tiene visos de ser alcanzable.
7.º- Para una ejecución sobresaliente del interrogatorio, es esencial realizar una esmerada planificación del mismo (orden, secuenciación, tipos de preguntas a emplear, duración y ritmo etc.).
8.º- Jamás se puede perder la compostura y el respeto frente al testigo durante el interrogatorio.
9.º- El abogado debe cesar en su interrogatorio una vez que ha obtenido el objetivo que perseguía.
10.º- No formular preguntas cruciales si no disponemos de datos que de algún modo hagan previsibles las respuestas. Es decir, no realizar preguntas de importancia cuya respuesta no conozcamos o no podamos prever por pura lógica.
11.º- Adaptar el interrogatorio a las características del testigo y al efecto que este vaya a causar en los jueces.
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