Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
Para responder a esta cuestión lo primero que hay que aclarar es que las dudas surgen cuando el régimen económico del matrimonio es el de gananciales, en el caso de ser el de separación de bienes la indemnización que le pueda corresponder a uno de los cónyuges como consecuencia de su despido es siempre privativa.
En el caso de que el régimen económico del matrimonio sea el de sociedad de gananciales, nos podemos encontrar con varios supuestos, partiendo de que no exista acuerdo entre los cónyuges, si los cónyuges han pactado que la indemnización por despido sea ganancial, lo será con independencia del resto de circunstancias que puedan concurrir. Si ese pacto no existe habrá que entrar a analizar las circunstancias concretas de cada caso.
Si la indemnización se percibe constante el matrimonio, la misma tendrá carácter ganancial, pero ¿Qué ocurre si la indemnización se percibe una vez decretado el divorcio cuando el trabajo se ha desempeñado constante el matrimonio?
En estos casos, el Tribunal Supremo señala que lo que hay que tener en cuenta para determinar la ganancialidad o no de esa indemnización son los años que se hayan trabajados durante la vigencia del matrimonio y la fecha de disolución de la sociedad de gananciales.
El Alto Tribunal establece que será ganancial la parte proporcional de la indemnización que se corresponda con los años trabajados durante el matrimonio y será privativa la que corresponda a los años anteriores o posteriores al mismo. Para llegar a esta conclusión el Tribunal Supremo diferencia en su doctrina, el derecho a trabajar, que permite el acceso al mercado laboral, y los beneficios que se obtienen con el ejercicio de este derecho.
Las otras cuestiones que hay que examinar para determinar el carácter ganancial o privativo de la indemnización por despido, son la fecha en la que se produce el despido o se genera el derecho a percibir esa indemnización y la fecha en la que se disuelve la sociedad de gananciales.
La sociedad de gananciales queda disuelta en el momento en el que se dicta la sentencia por la que se acuerda la separación o se decreta el divorcio En los casos de separación de hecho, para que la sociedad de gananciales pueda ser declarada disuelta es necesario que transcurra un año desde que se produce el cese de la convivencia, ya sea de mutuo acuerdo, ya sea decidido de manera unilateral por uno de los cónyuges.
Si el despido, o el derecho a percibir la indemnización, se produce antes de que la sociedad de gananciales se declare disuelta, la indemnización tendrá carácter ganancial, sin embargo si eso ocurre una vez declarada disuelta la sociedad de gananciales se tendrá que aplicar la regla proporcional que se ha mencionado en los párrafos anteriores teniendo en cuenta los años trabajados mientras estaba vigente la sociedad de gananciales.
Sin perjuicio de las reglas generales expuestas, para determinar la ganancialidad de la indemnización por despido, habrá que estar a las circunstancias particulares de cada caso en concreto.
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