Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
En la mayoría de los divorcios en los que hay menores, uno de los caballos de batalla, junto con el régimen de custodia, es la fijación de la pensión de alimentos a favor de los hijos comunes, sin que en principio ninguno de los progenitores sepa realmente los conceptos que engloba y se encuentran incluidos en esa pensión.
La pensión de alimentos abarca todos los gastos ordinarios y usuales de los menores; estos gastos comprenden todos aquellos que son previsibles y quese repiten de forma habitual o periódica en la vida de éstos, engloba, en definitiva, todos los gastos que son necesarios para el sustento, higiene, peluquería, transporte, habitación, ocio, vestido, asistencia médica cubierta por el sistema de salud pública y educación de los hijos comunes.
Es importante indicar que los gastos de educación incluyen matrículas, libros, aula matinal, comedor, uniformes, material escolar, cuotas de AMPA, seguro escolar, gastos causados al comienzo del curso, excursiones escolares y en general todos los derivados del centro, público o concertado, en el que los hijos comunes cursen sus estudios, incluyendo los estudios universitarios en una universidad pública. Esto será así salvo que los progenitores acuerden expresamente en convenio regulador firmado de mutuo acuerdo que,los gastos escolares o los derivados de estudios superiores, correrán a cargo de ambos al cincuenta por ciento; en este caso, el pacto les vincularáydeberán cumplirloen los términos acordados.
Quedan fuera de la pensión de alimentos los denominados gastos extraordinarios que son aquellos excepcionales, imprevisibles y eventuales; los gastos extraordinarios pueden ser necesarios o no. Los gastos extraordinarios necesarios son aquellos que surgen de forma imprevista y pueden ser médicos, como por ejemplo una operación puntual, ortodoncia, prótesis, rehabilitación, psicólogo, logopeda, fisioterapia, óptica, gastos de farmacia no básicos, y, en general los que no estén cubiertos por el sistema público de salud, o educativos como clases de apoyo escolar por un problema de aprendizaje, dislexia, bajo rendimiento escolar…etc. Estos gastos deben ser asumidos por los progenitores al 50%, previa consulta y acuerdo sobre la necesidad del gasto (salvo supuestos urgentes en los que no sea posible), y, en caso de no llegarse a un acuerdo se puede acudir al juez para que éste decida la necesidad del mismo.
Igualmente quedan fuera de la pensión de alimentos, los gastos extraordinarios no necesarios, también denominados gastos ordinarios no usuales son los que se corresponden, entre otros conceptos, con las actividades extraescolares, deportivas, música, baile, primera comunión, informática, idiomas, carné de conducir, viajes y estancias en el extranjero, campamentos o cursos de verano, colegios o universidades privadas, master o curso de posgrado, estancias en residencias universitarias o colegios mayores, cumpleaños y celebraciones similares …etc. Estos gastos deben ser consensuados de manera expresa y por escrito por ambos progenitores para que pueda compartirse el gasto por partes iguales, de manera que si no existe ese acuerdo el gasto deberá ser asumido por el progenitor que lo haya decidido de manera unilateral, si bien se puede acudir al juez para que éste se pronuncie sobre si el menor debe o no realizar la actividad en concreto.
A la vista de los conceptos que se incluyen en la pensión de alimentos, muchas veces los progenitores deberían pararse a hacer cuentas y no enrocarse en una posición que finalmente les puede resultar perjudicial.
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