Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
La nueva ley hipotecaria, denominada Ley 5/2019, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de los contratos de crédito inmobiliario, entró en vigor el pasado 16 de junio, y es de aplicación a los préstamos hipotecarios suscritos con posterioridad dicha fecha, a las subrogaciones y novaciones de préstamos contratados anteriormente, y a contratos anteriores con cláusulas de vencimiento anticipado.
Esta ley se aplica a préstamos garantizados mediante hipoteca u otro derecho real de garantía sobre bienes inmuebles de uso residencial, siendo indiferente si es primera o de segunda vivienda, o cuya finalidad sea adquirir o conservar derechos de propiedad sobre terrenos o inmuebles construidos o por construir, incluyéndose garajes, trasteros, o incluso terrenos,siempre que el prestatario sea un consumidor.
Fase precontractual: los prestamistas deberán facilitar al prestatario, en formato escrito o electrónico, información general clara y comprensible sobre los contratos de crédito, y suministrarle la información personalizada que necesite para comparar los préstamos disponibles en el mercado, que se facilitará mediante la Ficha Europea de Información Normalizada (FEIN).
Los prestamistas deberán evaluar en profundidad la solvencia del potencial prestatario, fiador o garante antes de celebrar un contrato de préstamo, teniendo en cuenta los factores pertinentes para verificar la capacidad del cliente para cumplir con el pago del préstamo, como la situación de empleo, ingresos actuales y previsibles durante la vida del préstamo, activos en propiedad, ahorro, gastos fijos e historial crediticio.
Deberá entregarse al prestatario, con una antelación mínima de 10 días a la firma de la hipoteca, la siguiente documentación:
Fase contractual: el prestatario, fiador y garante, tienen derecho a recibir un asesoramiento directo, completo y personalizado por parte del Notario, quien tiene la obligación de prestarlo, como máximo hasta el día anterior a la firma de la escritura.
El Notario deberá resolver cualquier duda en relación al préstamo, especialmente las cláusulas de mayor complejidad y relevancia, asesoramiento del que se levantará acta que no tendrá ningún coste para el prestatario. En tanto no pueda cumplirse en tiempo y forma con este deber de asesoramiento, no podrá firmarse la escritura pública de préstamo.
Los gastos asociados a la firma de la hipoteca se distribuirán del siguiente modo:
Se prohíben expresamente las cláusulas que establezca un límite mínimo a la variabilidad del tipo de interés (cláusula suelo).
Fase de ejecución: a la hora de practicarse cualquier liquidación de intereses o comisiones, los prestamistas deberán entregar un documento de liquidación y tendrán el deber de informar anualmente sobre los gastos y comisiones devengadas y los tipos de interés aplicados y cobrados.
Se establece que se producirá el vencimiento anticipado del contrato siempre y cuando concurran los siguientes requisitos:
Se establece que el interés de demora no podrá superar el interés remuneratorio más 3 puntos, que sólo podrá devengarse sobre el principal vencido y pendiente de pago.
Finalmente, se establece un régimen sancionador para los prestamistas, intermediarios de crédito y representantes designados, para el caso de que se incumplan las obligaciones establecidas en esta Ley, con multas que oscilan entre el 1% y el 10% del volumen de negocios neto anual total, o entre 1 y 10 millones de euros, dependiendo de la gravedad de la infracción, incluida la posibilidad de revocar la autorización para operar como entidad de crédito en el caso de las infracciones más graves.
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