Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
Es cierto que tanto las Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo como la del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea se refieren a la nulidad de las denominadas clausulas suelo que se encuentran incluidas en las hipotecas, pero limitándola tan sólo a los préstamos hipotecarios que han sido suscritos por consumidores y usuarios.
¿Significa esto que los empresarios, las personas jurídicas o las sociedades no pueden solicitar a los tribunales la eliminación de las clausula suelo de sus préstamos hipotecarios?
Parece ser qué si pueden hacerlo, y así lo ha entendido la Sección 2ª de la Excelentísima Audiencia Provincial de Toledo que en su Sentencia de 18 de octubre de 2016 declara la nulidad de la cláusula suelo de un préstamo hipotecario suscrito con el Banco Popular por una sociedad limitada.
La entidad bancaria fundamenta su defensa fundamentalmente en dos pilares; el primero que la mercantil no ostenta la condición de consumidor y el segundo que no se realiza una interpretación correcta de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo sobre el control de transparencia de las clausulas suelo.
La Sala razona que si bien es cierto que en este caso concreto la mercantil no puede ser considerada un consumidor y por lo tanto no se pueden tener en cuenta las normas que otorgan una especial protección a los consumidores y usuarios, ello no impide que sí resulte de aplicación la ley sobre condiciones generales de la contratación y la necesidad de dar cumplimiento a las exigencias de la buena fe y el justo equilibrio entre los derechos y obligaciones de las partes que se establecen en el contrato.
Dicho lo anterior el Tribunal entra a analizar si la cláusula suelo es o no es, en este caso, una condición general de contratación. Para ello debe tenerse en cuenta si la referida clausula ha sido objeto de negociación expresa e individual entre el prestatario y la entidad bancaria o por el contrario ha sido redactada e impuesta por el prestamista, de tal modo que lo único que podía hacer la sociedad mercantil, como adherente, era aceptarla sin discutir o desistir del contrato de préstamo con todos los perjuicios que ello pudiera suponer.
Continúan los Magistrados diciendo que, “aunque el concepto de cláusula contractual abusiva el concepto de cláusula contractual abusiva adquiere un significado propio en el ámbito de la contratación con los consumidores, ello no significa que en las condiciones generales entre profesionales no puedan existir abuso de una posición dominante, pero en ese caso la apreciación de ese posible desequilibrio injustificado se sujetará a las normas generales de la contratación, sin que nada impida que judicialmente pueda declararse la nulidad de una condición general abusiva por ser contraria a la buena fe y que claramente cause un desequilibrio especialmente significativo en los derechos y obligaciones de las partes “.
Posteriormente y en conformidad con la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo, se entra a examinar en la Sentencia si la cláusula supera el control de transparencia, llegando a una conclusión negativa al considerar que en este supuesto:
Se puede concluir qué si bien en el caso de las sociedades y de los empresarios la eliminación de la cláusula suelo y la devolución de las cantidades indebidamente abonadas no será automática, como ocurre en el caso de los consumidores y usuarios, sí se puede solicitar ante los Juzgados y Tribunales.
Fotografía unsplash.com
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