Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
Probablemente recuerden nuestros lectores nuestro anterior artículo llamado “Primeras impresiones sobre la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo relativa al IRPH”, en el que abordamos la Sentencia dictada el 22 de noviembre por el Supremo fallando a favor de la banca, considerando que las cláusulas que vinculaban la variabilidad del tipo de interés de la hipoteca al IRPH no son abusivas.
El texto íntegro de la Sentencia no se hizo público hasta un mes después, por lo que hemos considerado oportuno realizar un breve análisis sobre los fundamentos recogidos en la Sentencia en los que basó el Supremo su decisión de no declarar el IRPH abusivo.
En primer lugar, considera que la cláusula que incorpora el IRPH como índice de referencia del interés variable se trata de una condición general de la contratación, ya que reúne los requisitos establecidos en la Ley sobre Condiciones Generales de la Contratación y no consta que fuera negociada individualmente, pero sin embargo no entiende que nos encontremos ante una cláusula abusiva porque no va en contra de las exigencias de la buena fe ni causa en detrimento del consumidor un desequilibrio importante e injustificado de las obligaciones contractuales.
Por otro lado, se trata de un índice completamente legal, regulado por la Orden EHA/2899/2011, y por tanto corresponde a la Administración y no a los Juzgados y Tribunales, valorar si cumplen o no con la normativa de aplicación: “el IRPH como tal no puede ser objeto de control de transparencia, puesto que tanto la Ley de Condiciones Generales de Contratación como la Directiva 93/13, de protección de los consumidores, excluyen de su ámbito de aplicación las condiciones generales que reflejen disposiciones legales o administrativas, aunque sí pueda serlo la cláusula que lo incorpora».
También entiende que el consumidor era consciente de la importancia de este índice de referencia y que la cláusula era un elemento esencial del contrato: “no cabe considerar que el consumidor no advirtiera su importancia económica y jurídica o no pudiera conocer que el interés resultante en dicho periodo se calculaba mediante la aplicación de un índice oficial, consistente en una media de los índices hipotecarios de todas las entidades que actuaban en España, al que se sumaba un margen o diferencial.” Añade que el IRPH se trataba de un índice oficial que utilizaban los bancos en sus ofertas comerciales por lo que resultaba “fácilmente accesible “para un consumidor medio.
Por último, dice que no puede afirmarse que el IRPH resulte más caro que el Euribor (al contrario del criterio de la Audiencia Provincial de Álava), y en este caso analiza el caso concreto, en el que el préstamo no había llegado un tercio de su plazo de vigencia, y que por tanto se desconoce qué sucederá en el periodo que aún queda para su extinción.
Por otro lado, señala que “el tipo de interés no se forma sólo con el índice de referencia, sino también con el diferencial, y no consta que los diferenciales aplicados a préstamos con Euribor fueran más beneficiosos para el prestatario que los aplicados a préstamos con IRPH.” De hecho, afirma el Supremo que estadísticamente el diferencial aplicado al IRPH suele ser menor que el aplicado al Euribor. Aparte que considera inadmisible en cualquier caso declarar la nulidad de una condición general de la contratación porque “el precio resultante sea más o menos elevado.”
Esta Sentencia contó con el voto particular de dos magistrados (frente a los ocho que votaron a favor del fallo), que consideraron que la cláusula en cuestión no superaba el control de transparencia y por tanto, el IRPH debía ser sustituido por el Euribor. En concreto, afirmaron que no se ajusta a los parámetros y contenido que la doctrina jurisprudencial del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) ha establecido para aplicar correctamente el control de transparencia.
Por último, cabe señalar que si bien es cierto que con esta Sentencia la vía judicial se da por concluida en España, los afectados podrán recurrirla ante el TJUE, aparte de la posibilidad de que algún Juzgado presente una cuestión prejudicial ante ese mismo órgano. Desde luego no sería la primera vez que el Tribunal europeo contradice el criterio del Tribunal Supremo (recordemos la retroactividad de las cláusulas suelo, que fue tumbada por el TJUE), por lo que aún existe esperanza para los consumidores afectados.
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