Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
El delito de corrupción en los negocios viene regulado en la sección 4ª del capítulo XI del Código Penal, en concreto en los artículos 286 bis a 286 quater de dicho cuerpo legal. Su inclusión obedece a la preocupación de la comunidad internacional de atacar y acabar con la corrupción y las prácticas viciadas que durante años se han llevado a cabo de manera habitual en las empresas. Consisten en ofrecimientos de tipo económico, regalos o dádivas, a responsables de empresas o entidades privadas por parte de los vendedores o de los prestadores de los servicios para que les compren los bienes o les contraten los servicios.
El bien jurídico protegido son las reglas de la competencia (para logar que sea justa y honesta) y las reglas del buen funcionamiento del mercado. En la regulación del delito, y por lo que respecta a las conductas típicas, se diferencian el tipo genérico de corrupción entre particulares (artículo 286 bis 1 y 2) y el de corrupción en el ámbito deportivo (artículo 286 bis 4).
Podemos distinguir las siguientes conductas:
1- La recogida en el artículo 286 bis 1 en el que se regula la denominada modalidad pasiva. Castiga a las personas vinculadas con una empresa o sociedad, que teniendo capacidad de decisión o de generar obligaciones para dicha empresa (administradores de hecho o de derecho, directivos, empleados y colaboradores), reciban, soliciten o acepten un beneficio o ventaja no justificado como contraprestación para favorecer indebidamente a otro en las relaciones comerciales.
2- La recogida en el artículo 286 bis 2 que regula la modalidad activa. Castiga todo aquel que ofrezca, prometa o conceda beneficios o ventajas sin justificar a personas relacionadas con una empresa o sociedad para que la misma le favorezca a él o a un tercero frente a otros en las relaciones comerciales.
3- Y la recogida en el artículo 286 bis 3 que regula la modalidad específica de corrupción en competición deportiva. Castiga los hechos recogidos en los dos primeros apartados cuando la finalidad que se persigue con estas conductas es predeterminar o alterar de manera deliberada y fraudulenta el resultado de una competición deportiva profesional. En este caso, lo que se castiga son los sobornos que, con este fin, sean llevados a cabo por los siguientes sujetos activos: miembros o colaboradores de entidades deportivas, deportistas, árbitros o jueces.
Por su parte el artículo 286 quater contempla la corrupción en las transacciones comerciales internacionales. Se pueden definir como un delito a medio camino entre el de corrupción de funcionario público o cohecho, y el de corrupción entre particulares. Se castiga a quienes corrompen o intentan corromper a un funcionario público extranjero, o atienden una solicitud de corrupción por parte de este con el fin de que actúe o se abstenga de actuar en relación con el ejercicio de sus funciones públicas para conseguir o conservar un contrato, negocio o cualquier otra ventaja competitiva en la realización de actividades económicas internacionales.
Las empresas deben establecer políticas y controles rigurosos.
Una vez definidas las conductas que pueden ser constitutivas del delito de corrupción en los negocios, ponemos el acento en que es uno de los delitos del que pueden ser penalmente responsables las personas jurídicas. De hecho, es uno de los delitos que con mayor facilidad puede ser cometidos por estas: bien por actuación directa (que es la llevada a cabo por el administrador de hecho o derecho, el representante legal o las personas con poder de decisión en la empresa) o por actuación descontrolada (que es la llevada a cabo por los empleados, los colaboradores o las personas sometidas a la autoridad de los administradores de hecho o de derecho, de los representantes legales o las personas con poder de decisión en la entidad).
Este riesgo hace necesario que las empresas establezcan políticas y controles muy rigurosos y estrictos respecto de este particular en su práctica diaria y en sus transacciones comerciales. Así, en la mayoría de los casos nos encontramos con una cultura de empresa en la que no se admite ningún tipo de regalo o se admiten sólo aquellos que tengan un valor simbólico o que sea socialmente aceptable…
Cookie | Duración | Descripción |
---|---|---|
__stidv | 1 year | This cookie is used by ShareThis. This cookie is used for sharing the content from the website to social networks. |
lang | This cookie is used to store the language preferences of a user to serve up content in that stored language the next time user visit the website. | |
mc_session_ids[default] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
mc_session_ids[multi][0] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
mc_session_ids[multi][1] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
mc_session_ids[multi][2] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
mc_session_ids[multi][3] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
mc_session_ids[multi][4] | 5 minutes | This cookie is set by the provider ReCaptcha. This is used by the Captcha plugin for the website forms. |
Cookie | Duración | Descripción |
---|---|---|
_gat | 1 minute | This cookies is installed by Google Universal Analytics to throttle the request rate to limit the colllection of data on high traffic sites. |
YSC | session | This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. |
Cookie | Duración | Descripción |
---|---|---|
__stid | 1 year | The cookie is set by ShareThis. The cookie is used for site analytics to determine the pages visited, the amount of time spent, etc. |
_ga | 2 years | This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. |
_gid | 1 day | This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the wbsite is doing. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages viisted in an anonymous form. |
pxcelPage_c010 | 7 days | The domain of this cookie is owned by Sharethis. This is a analytical cookie used to provide unique identifier to the computer for traffic analysis to ShareThis. It helps in enabling sharing function on the website. |
Cookie | Duración | Descripción |
---|---|---|
_cc_aud | 8 months 26 days | The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising. |
_cc_cc | 8 months 26 days | The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising. |
_cc_dc | 8 months 26 days | The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising. |
_cc_id | 8 months 26 days | The cookie is set by crwdcntrl.net. The purpose of the cookie is to collect statistical information in an anonymous form about the visitors of the website. The data collected include number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the what pages have been loaded. These data are then used to segment audiences based on the geographical location, demographic, and user interest provide relevant content and for advertisers for targeted advertising. |
EE | 4 months | This cookie is set by exelator.com. The cookies is used to store information about users' visit to the website. The data includes the number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the pages that have been loaded. This information is used to provide the users customized and targeted ads. |
IDE | 1 year 24 days | Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. |
pi | 1 year | This is a targeting cookie, which is used for advertising.This cookie show the relevant adverts based on the visitors profile created by the cookie. |
pxrc | 2 months | The purpose of the cookie is to identify a visitor to serve relevant advertisement. |
rlas3 | 1 year | The cookie is set by rlcdn.com. The cookie is used to serve relevant ads to the visitor as well as limit the time the visitor sees an and also measure the effectiveness of the campaign. |
test_cookie | 15 minutes | This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. |
ud | 4 months | This cookie is set by exelator.com. The cookies is used to store information about users' visit to the website. The data includes the number of visits, average time spent on the website, and the pages that have been loaded. This information is used to provide the users customized and targeted ads. |
uuid2 | 3 months | This cookies is set by AppNexus. The cookies stores information that helps in distinguishing between devices and browsers. This information us used to select advertisements served by the platform and assess the performance of the advertisement and attribute payment for those advertisements. |
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE | 5 months 27 days | This cookie is set by Youtube. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. |
Cookie | Duración | Descripción |
---|---|---|
collect_chat_launcher_load | 1 month | No description |
collect_chat_page_load | 1 month | No description |
CONSENT | 16 years 10 months 10 days 13 hours 14 minutes | No description |
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional | 1 year | The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". |
cookielawinfo-checkbox-others | 1 year | No description |
fpestid | 1 year | No description |
st_samesite | session | No description |
zc | No description |