Mari Carmen Quintero. Graduada en Derecho en prácticas.
La patria potestad es aquel conjunto de derechos y obligaciones irrenunciables que se les confieren a los progenitores sobre sus hijos menores de edad en relación a su persona y bienes. Concretamente, el art. 154 CC establece el contenido de la misma:
Los hijos e hijas no emancipados están bajo la patria potestad de los progenitores.
Esta función comprende los siguientes deberes y facultades:
1.º Velar por ellos, tenerlos en su compañía, alimentarlos, educarlos y procurarles una formación integral.
2.º Representarlos y administrar sus bienes.
3.º Decidir el lugar de residencia habitual de la persona menor de edad, que solo podrá ser modificado con el consentimiento de ambos progenitores o, en su defecto, por autorización judicial.
Por regla general, la patria potestad es compartida con independencia de si los progenitores se encuentran casados o no y de si tienen custodia compartida o monoparental, pero, ¿qué ocurre cuando estos no se ponen de acuerdo en algún asunto sobre el hijo en común?
Lo primero es intentar llegar a una solución de mutuo acuerdo, y, de no alcanzarse el mismo, cualquiera de ellos podrá solicitar al juez para que decida después de haber oído a ambos y al menor de edad (si tuviera juicio suficiente y/o fuera mayor de 12 años) a quien de los dos le otorga la facultad de elegir sobre dicho asunto. Además de esto, cabe la posibilidad de que el juez pueda modificar la patria potestad, es decir, puede atribuírsela solo a uno de los progenitores o distribuir entre ellos las funciones de ésta en caso de que uno de ellos incumpla de forma reiterada sus obligaciones principales, aunque esta decisión no podrá exceder de 2 años.
Por otro lado, existe la figura del defensor judicial, quien interviene cuando los progenitores tengan intereses contrapuestos a los del menor, designándose para que defienda los intereses de este. Hay que destacar que este nombramiento del defensor judicial no conlleva la suspensión ni la extinción de la patria potestad, solamente se nombra para un acto en concreto.
¿Cuáles son las causas de extinción de la patria potestad?
Como causas de extinción de la patria potestad, destacamos, entre otras, malos tratos, condena penal, alcoholismo, drogodependencia, etc., es decir, deberá ser una causa suficientemente grave como para que el juez adopte la decisión de la privación o suspensión de la patria potestad, tal y como señala la SAP de Valencia de 18 de junio de 2014 cuando establece que se podrá privar al progenitor de la patria potestad cuando se pruebe:
a) La existencia y subsistencia, plenamente probada, de una causa grave, de entidad suficiente para acordarla.
b) La razonable necesidad, oportunidad y conveniencia de su actual adopción para la adecuada salvaguarda de la persona e intereses del menor.
No obstante, en cualquier momento, se podrá revocar si el progenitor al que se le ha privado de ella acredita que ya no concurren las circunstancias que motivó dicha privación. Igualmente, el CC recoge en su art. 169 que se puede acabar la patria potestad por:
1.° La muerte o la declaración de fallecimiento de los padres o del hijo.
2.° La emancipación.
3.° La adopción del hijo.
Llegados a este punto, conviene diferenciar entre la patria potestad y la guarda y custodia de los hijos, ya que se suele confundir ambas en la práctica.
Tal y como se ha expuesto anteriormente, la patria potestad se trata de la representación legal que tienen los progenitores sobre los hijos menores de edad. Y, la guarda y custodia se refiere a la convivencia habitual y diaria que se tenga con ellos, es decir, quien tiene al menor bajo su cuidado diario. Esta le corresponderá a quien pueda llevar a cabo mejor el bienestar y el interés superior del menor y podrá ser otorgada a ambos o a uno de ellos, según decida el juez.
Finalizamos nuestra colaboración estableciendo una serie de conclusiones sobre la patria potestad:
– La patria potestad se ejerce hasta la mayoría de edad o en caso de que proceda la emancipación del menor.
– Tiene como función principal representar legalmente a los hijos.
– No se puede renunciar a ella.
– Se puede suspender o privar de ella durante un plazo determinado si así lo acuerda el juez.
– La patria potestad y la guarda y custodia son dos figuras jurídicas diferentes que no pueden confundirse.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
Si usted desea resolver una consulta relacionada con esta temática o cualquier otra, puede contactarnos a través de este formulario.
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