Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Colaborador.
El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) ha respondido mediante Auto a la cuestión prejudicial planteada por el Juzgado de Primera Instancia nº 38 de Barcelona, aclarando que, en relación a la cláusula referenciada al índice IRPH inserta en un contrato de préstamo hipotecario, no toda cláusula que no sea transparente es necesariamente abusiva, como ya resolvió el Tribunal Supremo en noviembre de 2019
Por otro lado, el Tribunal sostiene que no es requisito para la transparencia entregar antes del contrato un folleto al consumidor que recoja la evolución anterior al índice, ni que ese contrato incluya una definición concreta del índice, puesto que “es objeto de publicación oficial”, haciendo referencia a la publicación periódica del índice en el Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE). Este criterio va en contra de lo mantenido por el Tribunal Supremo, que consideraba que sí era necesario entregar un folleto con la evolución del índice en los dos años previos.
No obstante, entiende que aunque esto no sea necesario, sí lo es que “un consumidor medio, normalmente informado y razonablemente atento y perspicaz, estuviera en condiciones de comprender el funcionamiento concreto del modo de cálculo del índice de referencia”. Para que así esta persona pudiera valorar “las consecuencias económicas, potencialmente significativas, de dicha cláusula sobre sus obligaciones financieras”.
Finalmente, el Tribunal europeo dispone que si un juez considera que una cláusula no está redactada de manera clara y comprensible, debe también llevar a cabo un segundo examen, para determinar si dicha cláusula es abusiva.
El fallo obliga así a un mayor análisis por parte de los Tribunales españoles, al no considerar suficiente la falta de transparencia, exigiéndose también un examen sobre la abusividad de la cláusula. También sienta las bases para el caso en que se dictamine la nulidad por abusiva de la cláusula. Ante esto, el Tribunal tendría que ofrecer al consumidor elegir entre sustituir el índice IRPH por el de referencia contemplado en la Ley, o dar por finalizado el contrato de préstamo, teniendo que devolver el capital pendiente.
Tras este Auto ya se ha dictado la primera Sentencia por el Juzgado de Primera Instancia número 8 de Tarragona, que ha fallado a favor de la entidad bancaria (en este caso BBVA), considerando que la cláusula IRPH “no es abusiva”, al no haber “mala fe ni desequilibrio”.
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