Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
La reforma introducida por la Ley 42/2015, de 5 de octubre, en vigor desde el 7 de octubre de 2015, supuso para las acciones personales, mediante la modificación del artículo 1.964 del Código Civil, una reducción del plazo general de prescripción, del anteriormente establecido en quince años, a cinco.
Pero, ¿cuáles son las acciones afectadas por esta reforma? Aquellas por medio de las cuales el acreedor puede exigir el cumplimiento de una obligación al deudor, que no recaigan directamente sobre un bien mueble o inmueble, o que no tengan un plazo especial regulado en el Código Civil. Dentro de este tipo de acciones destacan las reclamaciones de cantidad, que se generan por el impago de facturas, o la resolución de un contrato por incumplimiento de una de las partes, que constituyen la mayoría de las acciones personales.
Hasta la reforma de 2015 estas acciones contaban con un amplio plazo de prescripción (15 años), lo que provocaba que las acciones personales como las reclamaciones de cantidad pudieran demorarse durante años sin que el acreedor perdiera su derecho a reclamarla. Sin embargo, desde el 7 de octubre su plazo de prescripción es de 5 años.
En cuanto las acciones que hubieran nacido antes de la reforma y no se hubieran ejercitado aún, su Disposición transitoria Quinta establece un régimen específico de prescripción aplicable a las relaciones ya existentes, que se establece en cinco años desde la entrada en vigor de la modificación, esto es, 7 de octubre de 2020.
A modo de ejemplo, si contamos con una deuda derivada de una factura emitida el 9 de mayo de 2012, con el anterior plazo de prescripción la misma no prescribiría hasta el 9 de mayo de 2027, sin embargo y tras la reforma, la acción prescribe en cualquier caso el 7 de octubre de 2020.
Ha de tenerse en cuenta no obstante, que la fecha de 7 de octubre de 2020 se trata de una fecha límite máxima, no aplicable a aquellas acciones en las que transcurran los 15 años antes de alcanzarla, es decir, las acciones que nacieran antes del 7 de octubre de 2005, que prescriben a los 15 años desde que pudieran haberse ejercitado.
De esta forma, nos encontramos con que el próximo 7 de octubre de 2020 tendrá lugar unaprescripción masiva de acciones, concretamente detodas aquellas nacidas entre el 7 de octubre de 2005 y el 7 de octubre de 2015, que no hayan sido ejercitadas.
Todo ello en el bien entendido de que durante ese tiempo no se haya llevado a cabo ninguna actuación con eficacia interruptoradel plazo de prescripción, como son su ejercicio ante los Tribunales, la reclamación extrajudicial del acreedor y cualquier acto de reconocimiento de la deuda por el deudor, en cuyo caso vuelve a contabilizarse el plazo desde cero.
Por todo ello, recomendamos a nuestros lectores que revisen el estado de las deudas que tengan pendientes de cobro, y que procedan a reclamarlas antes del 7 de octubre de este año si se ven afectadas por el nuevo plazo de prescripción.
Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
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