Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
El Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19, establece una serie de medidas para la Administración de Justicia que, a grandes rasgos, vienen a suponer su paralización a excepción de los casos de especial urgencia y aquellos que afecten a derechos fundamentales.
Suspensión de plazos procesales.
Se suspenden términos y se suspenden e interrumpen los plazos previstos en las leyes procesales para todos los órdenes jurisdiccionales. El cómputo de los plazos se reanudará en el momento en que se levante el estado de alarma.
En el orden jurisdiccional penal la suspensión e interrupción no se aplicará a los procedimientos de habeas corpus, a las actuaciones encomendadas a los servicios de guardia, a las actuaciones con detenido, a las órdenes de protección, a las actuaciones urgentes en materia de vigilancia penitenciaria y a cualquier medida cautelar en materia de violencia sobre la mujer o menores. Si bien, en fase de instrucción, el juez o tribunal competente podrá acordar la práctica de aquellas actuaciones que, por su carácter urgente, sean inaplazables.
En cuanto al resto de órdenes jurisdiccionales la interrupción no será de aplicación a los siguientes supuestos:
No obstante lo anterior, el juez o tribunal podrá acordar la práctica de aquellas actuaciones judiciales que sean necesarias para evitar perjuicios irreparables en los derechos e intereses legítimos de las partes en el proceso.
Suspensión de actuaciones judiciales.
La Comisión Permanente del Consejo General del Poder Judicial, acordó en sesión extraordinaria celebrada el 13 de marzo, la suspensión en todo el territorio nacional de las actuaciones judiciales programadas y de los plazos procesales, a la vista de las medidas contenidas en el Real Decreto 463/2020.
Con esta medida, sólo se mantienen los servicios esenciales de la Administración de Justicia, garantizando las siguientes actuaciones:
El acuerdo aprobado dispone “extender a todo el territorio nacional el Escenario 3, durante el tiempo que se mantenga el estado de alarma, de manera que las actuaciones procesales y medidas que se contemplan en este escenario resultarán de inmediata aplicación, sin excepción alguna, a la totalidad del Estado Español”.
Presentación de demandas y escritos de trámite.
La Comisión Permanente del Consejo General del Poder Judicial, también ha acordado, en sesión extraordinaria celebrada el 18 de marzo, que mientras se mantenga el estado de alarma no procede la presentación “en ningún caso” de escritos procesales de manera presencial, limitándose la forma telemática (LexNET o sistemas equivalentes) a aquellos que tengan por objeto única y exclusivamente actuaciones procesales declaradas urgentes e inaplazablespor las instrucciones y acuerdos del órgano de gobierno de los jueces.
No obstante, el acuerdo precisa que la suspensión de plazos procesales no impide la adopción de aquellas actuaciones judiciales “que sean necesarias para evitar perjuicios irreparables en los derechos e intereses legítimos de las partes en el proceso”, por lo que la suspensión no alcanza a la presentación de escritos que se encuentren vinculados con actuaciones judiciales urgentes y necesarias.
Suspensión de plazos administrativos.
Se suspenden términos y se interrumpen los plazos para la tramitación de los procedimientos de las entidades del sector público. El cómputo de los plazos se reanudará en el momento en que se levante el estado de alarma.
Sin embargo, no se aplicará la suspensión e interrupción a los plazos tributarios, sujetos a normativa especial, ni afectará, en particular, a los plazos para la presentación de declaraciones y autoliquidaciones tributarias. Por tanto, los contribuyentes tendrán que cumplir los plazos legales para presentar las declaraciones y realizar las autoliquidaciones a la Hacienda Pública.
Tampoco afectará la suspensión de los términos y la interrupción de los plazos a los procedimientos administrativos en los ámbitos de la afiliación, la liquidación y la cotización de la Seguridad Social.
Suspensión de plazos de prescripción y caducidad.
Los plazos de prescripción y caducidad de cualesquiera acciones y derechos quedarán suspendidos durante el plazo de vigencia del estado de alarma y, en su caso, de las prórrogas que se adoptaren.
Photo by Sebastian Pichler on Unsplash
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