Abogado colaborador, Gonzalo Perpiñá
Desde hace siglos y hasta hace pocos años, la forma de pago más común ha sido siempre el efectivo. Concretamente, durante los años 70, comenzaron a aparecer las primeras tarjetas de crédito, popularizándose poco a poco su uso hasta el punto de que, actualmente, la gran mayoría de pagos se realizan mediante sistemas alternativos al efectivo, como transferencias, cheques bancarios, tarjeta, etc.
El uso del efectivo como medio de pago lleva aparejado ciertas desventajas para la economía, pues potencian el fraude fiscal y el blanqueo de capitales, así como dan opacidad a operaciones, lo que los poderes públicos quieren evitar.
Por ello, en España, desde el año 2012, existe una regulación que limita los pagos en efectivo. Esta consistió en un principio en prohibir los pagos en efectivo en operaciones en las que alguna de las partes actuase como empresario o profesional con un importe igual o superior a 2.500 euros o su contravalor en moneda extranjera. Como excepción, en los casos en los que el pagador fuese una persona física que no tiene su domicilio fiscal en España, se podían realizar pagos en efectivo siempre que el importe fuese inferior a 15.000 euros.
Actualmente, concretamente desde la Ley 11/2021, de medidas de prevención y lucha contra el fraude fiscal, que transpone la Directiva (UE) 2016/1164, los límites son aún más estrictos. Concretamente, los límites vigentes en la actualidad son los siguientes:
Para aplicar estos límites tenemos que atender al importe total o global del bien entregado o el servicio prestado, sin que sea posible fraccionar el pago para poder sortear los límites impuestos por la Ley.
Otra excepción es que dicho límite no aplica a los pagos en entidades de crédito, por lo que podremos realizar pagos superiores a esos 1.000 euros siempre que se realice el ingreso en ventanilla en la cuenta bancaria del destinatario.
Pero ¿cómo puede saberse si una operación se realizó respetando dicho límite? La respuesta no es otra que guardando el justificante de pago de la operación. Para ello, la Ley establece un plazo de cinco años desde la fecha de realización del pago, por lo que es altamente recomendable respetar el mismo para evitar problemas a futuro.
En definitiva, el límite que aplicará en la mayoría de operaciones será el de 1.000 euros siempre que intervenga un empresario o profesional y actúe como tal, por lo que este no afecta a las operaciones entre particulares, al contrario de lo que la mayor parte de la población suele pensar.
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