Eduardo Olarte Soto. Socio Abogado.
Internet se ha convertido en una realidad omnipresente tanto en nuestra vida personal como colectiva. Una gran parte de nuestra actividad profesional, económica y privada se desarrolla en la Red y adquiere una importancia fundamental tanto para la comunicación humana como para el desarrollo de nuestra vida en sociedad. La transformación digital de nuestra sociedad es una realidad que, en España, no disponía de normativa específica que reforzara los derechos digitales del ciudadano, derechos de los que ya se hablaba desde los años noventa, en los que ya se hablaba de una Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano en Internet.
Ahora, y con la entrada en vigor de la Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos digitales el pasado 6 de Diciembre, se ha producido la adaptación al ordenamiento jurídico español del Reglamento (UE) 2016/679 del Parlamento Europeo y el Consejo, de 27 de abril de 2016, relativo a la protección de las personas físicas en lo que respecta al tratamiento de sus datos personales y a la libre circulación de estos datos, con lo que queda derogada la Ley Orgánica 15/1999, de 13 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal.
Con la nueva regulación, ya en vigor, el derecho fundamental de las personas físicas a la protección de datos personales, amparado por el artículo 18.4 de la Constitución, se ejercerá con arreglo a lo establecido en el Reglamento (UE) 2016/679 y en la nueva ley orgánica cuyo novedad mas significativa, además de la adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico español al Reglamento (UE) citado, es garantizar los derechos digitales de la ciudadanía, al amparo de lo dispuesto en el artículo 18.4 de la Constitución.
La nueva ley reconoce y garantiza un elenco de derechos digitales de los ciudadanos conforme al mandato establecido en la Constitución, en particular, los derechos y libertades predicables al entorno de Internet como la neutralidad de la Red y el acceso universal, los derechos a la seguridad y educación digital así como los derechos al olvido, a la portabilidad y al testamento digital, y siendo una novedad importante y digna de resaltar, la regulación que se hace del ámbito laboral al reconocer el derecho a la desconexión digital en el marco del derecho a la intimidad en el uso de dispositivos digitales en el ámbito laboral y la protección de los menores en Internet. Finalmente, resulta destacable la garantía de la libertad de expresión y el derecho a la aclaración de informaciones en medios de comunicación digitales.
Por su parte, el tratamiento está basado en el consentimiento directo del afectado que se define como “toda manifestación de voluntad libre, específica, informada e inequívoca por la que este acepta, ya sea mediante una declaración o una clara acción afirmativa, el tratamiento de datos personales que le conciernen” y siendo necesario que para una pluralidad de finalidades sea preciso que conste de manera específica e inequívoca que dicho consentimiento se otorga para todas y cada una de ellas.
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