Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado colaborador.
El pasado 17 de mayo el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) dictó una nueva Sentencia sobre las cláusulas suelo, en la que establece que los Juzgados y Tribunales españoles que estén tramitando procedimientos sobre cláusulas abusivas, pueden examinar de oficio, es decir sin que el prestatario lo alegue o impugne expresamente, la abusividad de una cláusula suelo, y resolver la devolución íntegra de las cantidades abonadas indebidamente en aplicación de la misma.
El único requisito que exige el Tribunal europeo es que no haya existido una “pasividad total” por parte del consumidor prestatario por la falta de impugnación de la cláusula.
El Tribunal resuelve así una cuestión prejudicial planteada por el Tribunal Supremo, sobre una hipoteca firmada en 2009 con el banco CEISS (actualmente UNICAJA) que contenía una cláusula sueloque fue declarada nula en primera instancia y que condenó al banco a devolver parcialmente las cantidades indebidamente abonadas (a partir del 9 de mayo de 2013, conforme a la jurisprudencia de entonces). Posteriormente, en diciembre de 2016, el Tribunal europeo de diciembre de 2016 sentenció que las devoluciones de cláusula suelo debían comprender el período íntegro, desde la constitución de la hipoteca y sin limitación temporal.
El banco recurrió la sentencia en 2017 por la imposición de las costas, y la Audiencia Provincial de Valladolid estimó el recurso, sin modificar la sentencia en cuanto a la devolución parcial o total de las cantidades, porque el prestatario no presentó recurso. Ante esto, recurrió ante el Tribunal Supremo alegando que la Audiencia debía haber aplicado de oficio la Sentencia del Tribunal europeo y acordado la restitución de todas las cantidades, sin limitación temporal.
En esta nueva Sentencia, el Tribunal europeo insiste en que el Derecho de la Unión Europea se opone a una “jurisprudencia nacional que limita en el tiempo la restitución y la circunscribe únicamente a las cantidades pagadas por la cláusula abusiva después de que la justicia confirmase este carácter abusivo”.
Concluye que la Directiva europea sobre cláusulas abusivas se opone a estos principios que impiden que el juez que dirime la apelación contra una sentencia que limitaba en el tiempo la restitución de las cantidades indebidamente pagadas pueda examinar de oficio si se ha infringido la directiva y decretar la restitución íntegra de esas cantidades, cuando la falta de impugnación por el consumidor afectado «no pueda imputarse a una pasividad total de éste». Justifica este razonamiento en base a que el prestatario no recurrió la devolución parcial porque cuando el Tribunal europeo dictó la Sentencia de diciembre de 2016, ya le había expirado el plazo previsto para formular recurso de apelación, conforme al derecho nacional.
Con esta nueva jurisprudencia el Tribunal europeo viene a establecer una excepción al principio de “cosa juzgada” en materia de cláusulas suelo, si su aplicación perjudica al prestatario. Esto significa que aquellos consumidores que ya reclamaron por la cláusula suelo y tengan una sentencia firme que estime la devolución parcial de las cantidades indebidamente abonadas en aplicación de la cláusula, podrán volver a reclamar, esta vez la totalidad y sin limitación temporal.
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