Noemí Hernández Merchán, abogada colaboradora.
En los casos de crisis matrimoniales, una de las cuestiones que se discuten y que hay que decidir es la atribución del uso de la vivienda que ha sido domicilio familiar. Los factores que se suelen tener en cuenta para decidir a cuál de los dos miembros de la pareja le corresponde la atribución de ese uso son el régimen de custodia que se fije, si existen hijos comunes menores de edad y el interés que sea más necesitado de protección.
Una vez que se ha decidido a quien le corresponde el uso de la vivienda, la pregunta que suele surgir es ¿qué gastos son los que debe asumir la persona que tiene atribuido el uso?.
Para poder responder a esa pregunta, es necesario diferenciar la propiedad y el uso que son dos cosas diferentes y que no tienen por qué ir necesariamente unidas, de manera que puede ocurrir que el uso se atribuya a aquel miembro de la pareja que no es propietario.
Hay gastos que claramente se corresponden con la propiedad y que no generan dudas, como es el caso de las cuotas correspondientes al préstamo hipotecario que pueda estar constituido sobre la vivienda, los gastos de comunidad extraordinarios que redundan en mejoras del propio edificio o los gastos del Impuesto sobre Bienes Inmuebles (IBI). Estos son gastos ligados con la propiedad y que por lo tanto deben ser asumidos exclusivamente por aquel que sea el propietario; en el caso de que la vivienda pertenezca por mitad a ambos miembros de la pareja, estos gastos deberán ser afrontados y sufragados al 50% por ambos miembros de la pareja.
Hay otros gastos que, sin embargo, pueden generar más dudas, como es el caso de los gastos de comunidad ordinarios, los gastos de suministros o las tasas de basura. Tradicionalmente los tribunales han venido entendiendo que todos estos gastos están ligados al uso, y que por lo tanto deben ser sufragados exclusivamente por aquel que tiene atribuido el uso y está disfrutando de la vivienda, y así lo han venido estableciendo en muchas de sus resoluciones.
A pesar de ser esta la tendencia, el Tribunal Supremo ha ido matizando y detallando los gastos que deben ser asumidos exclusivamente por quien tiene atribuido el uso y los que deben ser asumidos por los que sean propietarios.
En una de sus últimas Sentencias, el Alto Tribunal ha reiterado que siempre que la Sentencia que determine los efectos de la separación o el divorcio no establezca otra cosa, la persona que tiene atribuido el uso solo está obligada a sufragar de manera exclusiva todos los gastos correspondientes a los suministros y a las tasas de basura. Los gastos de comunidad, tanto ordinarios como extraordinarios, deben ser sufragados exclusivamente por los propietarios de manera que la persona que tenga atribuido el uso no tiene obligación alguna de abonarlos, pudiendo incluso llegar a reclamarlos en el caso de haber hecho frente a los mismos sin que exista resolución que establezca dicha obligación.
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Foto de Maria Ziegler en Unsplash
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