Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
Sin perjuicio de las peculiaridades de la vivienda que constituye el domicilio familiar y que ya fueron objeto de un post anterior, en principio la respuesta puede ser si, ya que los artículos 1.347 y 1.361 del Código Civil determinan y establecen la presunción de que los bienes que se adquieren constante el matrimonio son gananciales. Ahora bien esta presunción tiene matices, y, así lo hace ver el Tribunal Supremo en su reciente Sentencia de 17 de mayo de 2019 que sienta doctrina jurisprudencial.
Refiere la Sentencia que el Código Civil presume la ganancialidad de los bienes que se compren durante la vigencia del matrimonio e igualmente permite que los cónyuges, de común acuerdo, atribuyan el carácter de ganancial a cualquier bien que adquieran a título oneroso con independencia del origen privativo con el que se abone la totalidad o parte del precio de ese bien. Ese bien entra a formar parte de la sociedad de gananciales sin que eso pueda cambiar después.
El Tribunal analiza en la Sentencia este supuesto entrando primero a examinar la atribución de ganancial a un bien cuando se adquiere constante el matrimonio empleando para su abono, en todo o en parte, dinero o bienes privativos.
La primera conclusión que se establece en la Resolución es que para que el bien tenga el carácter de ganancial es necesario que concurra el consentimiento expreso de ambos cónyuges; este consentimiento se presume si ambos comparecen en el acto de otorgamiento de escritura pública o en la firma del contrato privado. Si solo concurre uno de ellos, aunque éste manifieste que adquiere el bien para su sociedad de gananciales, esta declaración por sí sola no lo convertirá en ganancial. Así, si posteriormente el adquirente, que manifestó que compraba para su sociedad de gananciales, demuestra que adquirió el bien con dinero privativo, el bien adquirido será privativo.
La segunda cuestión que analiza el Tribunal Supremo es si, a pesar de que ambos cónyuges manifiesten que el bien que se adquiere es ganancial, existe o no un derecho de reembolso a favor de quien aportó dinero o un bien privativo para esa adquisición. Para responder esta cuestión se parte de lo dispuesto por el artículo 1.358 del Código Civil, concluyendo que la donación no se presume y, en consecuencia, el derecho de reembolso a favor del que aportó bienes o dinero privativo debe persistir.
Se razona en la Sentencia que el acuerdo expreso de los cónyuges para atribuir el carácter de ganancial al bien no convierte en ganancial el dinero o los bienes que se han utilizado para la adquisición de aquel, y por lo tanto el derecho del cónyuge titular de ese dinero o bien privativo a ser reembolsado por ese valor persiste salvo que éste renuncie de manera expresa a este derecho.
Por lo expuesto para que ese bien que se adquiere constante el matrimonio con fondos, en todo o en parte, privativos pase a integrarse en la sociedad de gananciales sin que el cónyuge titular de ese bien privativo tenga que ser reembolsado, primero debe constar el consentimiento de ambos cónyuges, y segundo debe constar la renuncia a ser reembolsado por parte del titular de los fondos privativos que se utilizaron para su adquisición.
Photo by Brina Blum on Unsplash
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