Gonzalo Perpiñá Llorca, Abogado colaborador
La fianza, en los arrendamientos de fincas urbanas, es una cantidad de dinero que se entrega al arrendador en garantía del cumplimiento de ciertas obligaciones del arrendatario. Esta es obligatoria en todo arrendamiento de vivienda o en uso distinto de vivienda que sea objeto de la Ley 29/1994, de 24 de noviembre, de Arrendamientos Urbanos.
Esta viene regulada en el artículo 36 de dicha Ley de Arrendamientos urbanos, que determina que es obligatoria la prestación de fianza que ascienda al equivalente a una mensualidad de renta en el arrendamiento de viviendas y de dos en el arrendamiento para uso distinto de vivienda.
La finalidad de la entrega de esta fianza es garantizar el cumplimiento de las obligaciones del arrendatario, que son el pago de las rentas (u otras cantidades asimiladas como recibos de suministros) y la devolución del inmueble en las mismas condiciones que se recibió. De este modo, el arrendador podrá disponer de la fianza para compensar las cantidades dejadas de pagar por el inquilino y para realizar reparaciones o reposiciones de elementos dañados de la vivienda.
Si bien la fianza tiene un máximo del equivalente a una o dos rentas según sea arrendamiento de vivienda o de uso distinto de vivienda, la Ley permite establecer garantías adicionales por libre acuerdo entre las partes, siendo que en los arrendamientos celebrados a partir de 2019 esta tiene un límite de dos mensualidades para los contratos de vivienda. Es importante recordar que estas garantías adicionales no son obligatorias.
La fianza puede ser objeto de actualización, con ciertas particularidades. En los contratos posteriores al 6 de marzo de 2019, esta fianza no puede incrementarse durante los primeros cinco años y, a partir del quinto año, se actualizará en el mismo sentido que se haya acordado actualizar la renta. Por consiguiente, de no haberse pactado actualización de la renta (lo que no es habitual), esta no podrá actualizarse.
En cuanto a la devolución de la fianza por el arrendador, esta deberá hacerse al finalizar el contrato. En caso de que el arrendatario no haya incumplido alguna de las obligaciones indicadas (pago de renta o cantidades asimiladas y devolución del inmueble en el estado que lo recibió), el arrendador podrá retener la cuantía equivalente al incumplimiento, siendo fundamental que pueda justificar dicha cantidad, ya sea por el impago del arrendatario o con el justificante de compra o factura por las reparaciones.
Sobre el plazo para devolución de la fianza, si bien la Ley no establece la obligación de devolverla en un plazo concreto, sí que suele interpretarse que es el plazo de un mes, puesto que a partir de ese momento esta cuantía empieza a devengar intereses (interés legal del dinero).
Por último, y a pesar del desconocimiento general al respecto, la Ley de Arrendamientos Urbanos permite a las comunidades autónomas regular la obligación de depositar la fianza. La mayoría de comunidades han establecido esta obligación, entre ellas Andalucía, donde existe la obligación de consignar dicha cantidad ante el organismo de la Junta de Andalucía denominado AVRA. Esta obligación de depositar la fianza corresponde al arrendador, existiendo sanciones por no depositarla, las cuales ascienden hasta los 3.600 euros, pero nunca podrán superar el límite del 50% de la fianza dejada de depositar.
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