Abogada Colaboradora , María del Carmen Quintero Piña
El Tribunal Supremo, tras la deliberación del recurso de casación número 1799/2020, planteó una cuestión prejudicial ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) sobre el comienzo del plazo de prescripción de la acción de restitución de las cantidades pagadas por el consumidor como consecuencia de la declaración de nulidad de una cláusula sobre gastos hipotecarios.
El TJUE ha dictaminado que el plazo para reclamar los gastos hipotecarios no empezará a correr antes de que un consumidor conozca el carácter abusivo de una cláusula contractual. Además, señala que el plazo de prescripción de diez años solo puede aplicarse si el consumidor pudo conocer sus derechos antes de que dicho plazo empezase a correr.
Destaca que, para que las normas por las que se rige un plazo de prescripción sean conformes con el principio de efectividad, no basta con que establezcan que el consumidor debe conocer los hechos determinantes del carácter abusivo de una cláusula, sin tener en cuenta si conoce los derechos que le confiere la directiva sobre las cláusulas abusivas ni si tiene tiempo suficiente para preparar e interponer un recurso con el fin de hacer valer sus derechos.
El Tribunal recuerda que el sistema de protección de la directiva se basa en la idea de que el consumidor se halla en situación de inferioridad respecto al profesional, en cuanto al nivel de información, situación que lo lleva a adherirse a las condiciones redactadas previamente por el profesional sin poder influir en el contenido de las mismas.
En este sentido, no se puede presumir que la información de la que dispone el consumidor incluya el conocimiento de la jurisprudencia nacional en materia de derechos de los consumidores, a pesar de que dicha jurisprudencia esté consolidada.
Además, señala que aunque pueda exigirse a los profesionales que se mantengan informados de los aspectos jurídicos, no se puede esperar una actitud similar por parte de los consumidores, habida cuenta del carácter ocasional que para ellos tiene la celebración de un contrato que contenga una cláusula de este tipo.
En España, el Tribunal Supremo confirmó en 2021 que los bancos tienen que abonar el 100 % de la tasación, los gastos de registro y gestoría y la mitad de los notariales, cuando se declare nula la cláusula de la hipoteca que atribuía el pago en exclusiva al cliente.
Vista la Sentencia del TJUE, dentro de las dos opciones planteadas sólo queda una posibilidad para fijar el dies a quo para ejercitar la acción de restitución de los gastos hipotecarios: Que el día inicial del plazo de prescripción de la acción de restitución sea el de la sentencia que declara la nulidad de la cláusula de repercusión de gastos hipotecarios.
Por lo tanto, hasta que no se declare la nulidad de la cláusula, no puede iniciarse el cómputo del de cinco años, para solicitar la devolución de los importes indebidamente pagados, teniendo en cuenta que cada banco redacta sus cláusulas de forma diferente y, por tanto, cada cláusula está sujeta a un análisis individual sobre su incorporación, transparencia y contenido.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
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