Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Colaborador.
El pasado 25 de marzo fue publicado en el Boletín Oficial del Estado la Ley Orgánica 3/2021, de 24 de marzo, de regulación de la eutanasia.
La norma tiene por objeto regular el derecho de toda persona que se encuentre en una situación de padecimiento grave, crónico e imposibilitante o de enfermedad grave e incurable, padeciendo un sufrimiento insoportable que no puede ser aliviado en condiciones que considere aceptables (contexto eutanásico), a solicitar y recibir la ayuda necesaria para morir, así como el procedimiento y las garantías que han de observarse y los deberes del personal sanitario y de las administraciones e instituciones concernidas.
Padecimiento grave, crónico e imposibilitante: situación que hace referencia a limitaciones que inciden directamente sobre la autonomía física y actividades de la vida diaria, de manera que no permite valerse por sí mismo, así como sobre la capacidad de expresión y relación, y que llevan asociado un sufrimiento físico o psíquico constante e intolerable para quien lo padece, existiendo seguridad o gran probabilidad de que tales limitaciones vayan a persistir en el tiempo sin posibilidad de curación o mejoría apreciable. En ocasiones puede suponer la dependencia absoluta de apoyo tecnológico.
Enfermedad grave e incurable: enfermedad que por su naturaleza origina sufrimientos físicos o psíquicos constantes e insoportables sin posibilidad de alivio que la persona considere tolerable, con un pronóstico de vida limitado, en un contexto de fragilidad progresiva.
La Ley establece la «prestación de ayuda para morir» como la acción derivada de proporcionar los medios necesarios a una persona que cumple los requisitos previstos en esta Ley y que ha manifestado su deseo de morir. Puede llevarse a cabo mediante dos modos:
Requisitos para el ejercicio del derecho
Toda persona mayor de edad y en plena capacidad de obrar y decidir puede solicitar y recibir dicha ayuda, siempre que lo haga de forma autónoma, consciente e informada, y que se encuentre en los supuestos de padecimiento grave, crónico e imposibilitante o de enfermedad grave e incurable causantes de un sufrimiento físico o psíquico intolerables. Se articula también la posibilidad de solicitar esta ayuda mediante el documento de instrucciones previas o equivalente, legalmente reconocido.
Se exige la formulación de dos solicitudes de manera voluntaria y por escrito, o por otro medio que permita dejar constancia, y que no sea el resultado de ninguna presión externa, dejando una separación de al menos 15 días entre ambas.
En el caso de que el médico responsable certifique que el paciente no se encuentra en pleno uso de sus facultades ni puede prestar su conformidad libre, voluntaria y consciente, la solicitud de prestación de ayuda para morir podrá ser presentada por otra persona mayor de edad y plenamente capaz, acompañándola del documento de instrucciones previas, testamento vital, voluntades anticipadas o documentos equivalentes legalmente reconocidos, suscritos previamente por el paciente. En caso de que no exista ninguna persona que pueda presentar la solicitud en nombre del paciente, el médico responsable podrá presentar la solicitud de eutanasia.
Objeción de conciencia sanitaria
Se reconoce el derecho a la objeción de conciencia del personal sanitario a no atender aquellas demandas de actuación sanitaria reguladas en esta Ley que resulten incompatibles con sus propias convicciones.
Consideración como muerte natural
La disposición adicional primera establece que quienes solicitan ayuda para morir al amparo de la ley se considerará que fallecen por muerte natural.
Despenalización de la eutanasia
Se modifica el apartado 4 y se añade un apartado 5 al artículo 143 del Código Penal con el fin de despenalizar las conductas eutanásicas en los supuestos y condiciones establecidos por la nueva ley, estableciendo que no incurrirá en responsabilidad penal quien causare o cooperare activamente a la muerte de otra persona cumpliendo lo establecido en la ley orgánica reguladora de la eutanasia.
Entrada en vigor
La Ley Orgánica 3/2021, de 24 de marzo, entrará en vigor el 25 de junio de 2021, a los tres meses de su publicación en el Boletín Oficial del Estado. Será entonces cuando España se convierta en el séptimo país del mundo en legalizar la eutanasia activa, después de Holanda, Bélgica, Luxemburgo, Canadá, Colombia, Nueva Zelanda, y algunos estados de Australia.
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