Sergio Díaz López. Abogado Colaborador.
Es un lugar común en el mundo laboral entender que las vacaciones anuales sólo pueden ser disfrutadas durante el año natural de su devengo. Es decir, en el caso más habitual de tener 30 días naturales de vacaciones por año natural, dichos 30 días han de ser disfrutados durante el mismo año, finalizando dicho derecho el 31 de diciembre. No son pocos los casos de trabajadores que no agotan su periodo vacacional por diversos motivos, y muchos permanecen en la creencia de que esas vacaciones “se han perdido”.
Sin embargo, es lo cierto que las vacaciones anuales no disfrutadas pueden acumularse y disfrutarse en años sucesivos, durante la vigencia de la relación laboral.
En este sentido, es fundamental la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, de fecha 29 de noviembre de 2017, que reconoce el derecho de los trabajadores a poder aplazar y acumular sus vacaciones anuales retribuidas no disfrutadas cuando la empresa no le permita ejercer su derecho a vacaciones anuales retribuidas. Se reconoce en este sentido el derecho de los trabajadores de aplazar las vacaciones no disfrutadas por motivos ajenos a su voluntad.
Este derecho, no obstante, no se da en todos los casos. Es imprescindible que concurran dos circunstancias: la primera, que la relación laboral siga vigente, puesto que de lo contrario lógicamente no se pueden disfrutar vacaciones; la segunda, que la falta de disfrute del periodo vacacional no haya sido por voluntad del trabajador. Si se dan ambas circunstancias, es posible solicitar el disfrute de vacaciones de años anteriores, sin límite temporal, mientras subsista la relación laboral.
Además de lo anterior, este derecho a acumular vacaciones no disfrutadas tiene otra consecuencia, relacionada con la extinción del contrato de trabajo y la liquidación que ha de efectuarse en dicha extinción. Y es que, al existir ese derecho de acumulación de vacaciones anuales no disfrutadas por causas ajenas a la voluntad del trabajador, se podría reclamar el abono de todas las vacaciones no disfrutadas durante la vigencia del contrato, no solamente las del año en el que se produzca la extinción.
En definitiva, es este un derecho poco conocido pero de gran interés tanto para trabajadores como para empresarios.
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