Mari Carmen Quintero. Graduada en Derecho en prácticas.
¿Qué quiere decir que un matrimonio es nulo? En primer lugar, para que sea válido, han de concurrir una serie de requisitos legales que recoge el Código Civil. Si no se dan estos, el matrimonio será nulo al existir un defecto en su celebración.
En este sentido, el artículo 73 CC establece que “es nulo cualquiera que sea la forma de su celebración:
1. º El matrimonio celebrado sin consentimiento matrimonial.
2. º El matrimonio celebrado entre las personas a que se refieren los artículos 46 y 47, salvo los casos de dispensa conforme al artículo 48.
3. º El que se contraiga sin la intervención del Juez de Paz, Alcalde o Concejal, Secretario judicial, Notario o funcionario ante quien deba celebrarse, o sin la de los testigos.
4. º El celebrado por error en la identidad de la persona del otro contrayente o en aquellas cualidades personales que, por su entidad, hubieren sido determinantes de la prestación del consentimiento.
5. º El contraído por coacción o miedo grave”.
Es decir, cuando no haya consentimiento, cuando se celebre sin la presencia del Juez de Paz, Alcalde o Concejal, Secretario judicial, Notario o sin la presencia de los testigos, cuando se contraiga por coacción o miedo grave, cuando haya algún error en la identidad o en las cualidades personales que sean determinantes o, cuando se celebre entre menores no emancipados, estén ligados con vínculo matrimonial, los parientes en línea recta por consanguinidad o adopción, los colaterales por consanguinidad hasta el tercer grado, los condenados por haber tenido participación en la muerte dolosa del cónyuge o persona con la que hubiera estado unida por análoga relación de afectividad a la conyugal, salvo en caso de dispensa por parte del Juez.
Aparte de estos supuestos tasados, el matrimonio simulado, esto es, aquel en el que el consentimiento no se presta con una voluntad real y efectiva, y la reserva mental en uno de los cónyuges, también son nulos al faltar el consentimiento.
Recientemente, la Audiencia Provincial de Palma de Mallorca en su Sentencia de 23 de abril de 2021, ha declarado nulo un matrimonio por considerar que fue contraído en base a intereses económicos por parte de la esposa (lo que se conoce como matrimonio de conveniencia) al probarse que no residían juntos, que la esposa no sabía qué medicación tomaba su marido y no le acompañaba a las visitas médicas que tenía que hacer como consecuencia de su enfermedad y, además, personas cercanas al marido, declararon no tener conocimiento del matrimonio. Por todo ello, el fallo de la sentencia anuncia que la intención de la esposa no iba dirigida a crear una comunidad de vida con su esposo, y, por lo tanto, no se prestó válidamente el consentimiento matrimonial que se exige para que sea legítimo.
Y, ¿quién puede pedir la nulidad?
La nulidad la puede solicitar cualquiera de los cónyuges, el Ministerio Fiscal y cualquier otra persona que tenga interés directo y legítimo en pedirla, salvo:
a) Cuando el matrimonio se haya contraído por error, coacción o miedo grave solamente podrá pedir la nulidad el cónyuge afectado.
b) Cuando se haya celebrado por ser uno de los cónyuges menor de edad, la nulidad la solicitará cualquiera de sus padres, tutores o guardadores o el Ministerio Fiscal.
Por otro lado, es muy importante saber que no debemos confundir el divorcio con la nulidad, ya que el primero trae como consecuencia la disolución del vínculo matrimonial por la propia voluntad de los cónyuges, y, sin embargo, si estamos ante una nulidad, es como si el matrimonio nunca hubiese existido y no surte efectos. Esto quiere decir que todas las obligaciones que existían entre ambos terminan, se da la disolución de la sociedad conyugal, la pensión compensatoria (en caso de que tuviese lugar) no tendría efecto, etc.
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