Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
El pasado 2 de julio entró en vigor la Ley 5/2018, de 11 de junio, de modificación de la Ley 1/2000, de 7 de enero, de Enjuiciamiento Civil, en relación a la ocupación ilegal de viviendas, que establece un procedimiento específico y más rápido para desalojar las viviendas particulares ocupadas.
Como recoge su preámbulo, trata de articular los mecanismos legales ágiles en la vía civil que permitan la defensa de los derechos de titulares legítimos que se ven privados ilegalmente y sin su consentimiento de la posesión de su vivienda.
Solo afecta a personas físicas, entidades sin ánimo de lucro con derecho a poseerla o entidades públicas propietarias o poseedoras legítimas de vivienda social. De esta forma, quedan excluidos de la posibilidad de acudir al mecanismo establecido en esta Ley las entidades privadas, incluidos los bancos y fondos de inversión.
El proceso se agiliza
Hasta este momento, para lograr la recuperación de la posesión de la vivienda ocupada el propietario normalmente se veía obligado a acudir a la vía penal, denunciando la comisión de un delito de usurpación. Teniendo en cuenta el carácter de ‘ultima ratio’ de la jurisdicción penal, el legislador ha tenido a bien articular este mecanismo específico en la vía civil. La única opción existente hasta el momento en esta vía era acudir a un procedimiento para la recuperación de la posesión del inmueble cedido en precario (art. 250.1.2º), al que se le atribuye una menor celeridad que el que se articula en esta Ley 5/2018.
El nuevo proceso comenzará con la presentación, por parte del propietario de la vivienda ocupada, de una demanda ante la jurisdicción civil, en la que se solicite la recuperación de la plena posesión de su vivienda o parte de ella, siempre que se haya visto privado de ella sin su consentimiento, debiendo acreditarse la condición de propietario de la vivienda.
Tras la presentación de la demanda, el Juzgado requerirá a los ocupantes que aporten en 5 días el título que justifique su situación posesoria. Si no lo presenta, se acordará la inmediata entrega de la vivienda al demandante”
Se seguirán los trámites del Juicio Verbal (se modifica el numeral 4.º del apartado 1 del artículo 250 de la LEC), y tras la presentación de la demanda, el Juzgado dictará Decreto en el que se requerirá a los ocupantes para que aporten, en el plazo de 5 días, el título que justifique su situación posesoria. Si no se contestara a la demanda o no se aportara título suficiente, se dictará Auto por el que se acordará la inmediata entrega de la posesión de la vivienda al demandante, contra el cual no cabrá recurso alguno y se llevará a efecto contra cualquiera de los ocupantes que se encontraren en ese momento en la vivienda.
La oposición del demandado, caso de formularse, podrá fundarse exclusivamente en la existencia de título suficiente frente al actor para poseer la vivienda o en la falta de título por parte de éste.
Finalmente, se establece que en la misma resolución en que se acuerde la entrega de la posesión de la vivienda al demandante y el desalojo de los ocupantes, se ordenará comunicar tal circunstancia, siempre que se hubiera otorgado el consentimiento por los interesados, a los servicios públicos competentes en materia de política social. En el plazo de 7 días podrán adoptar las medidas de protección que en su caso procedan.
También se prevé que las distintas Administraciones públicas incorporen en los protocolos y planes para garantizar políticas públicas en materia de vivienda, medidas ágiles de coordinación y cooperación al objeto de prevenir situaciones de exclusión residencial y para que resulte eficaz la comunicación referida en el párrafo anterior, a fin de dar respuesta adecuada y lo más inmediata posible a aquellos casos de vulnerabilidad que se detecten en los procedimientos conducentes al lanzamiento de ocupantes de viviendas.
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