Noemí Hernández Muños. Abogada Asociada.
No son pocas las consultas que se hacen sobre este particular. La atribución del uso de la vivienda que ha sido el domicilio familiar es una de las cuestiones que necesariamente se han de decidir en caso de separación o divorcio y la decisión final no siempre es bien aceptada por los dos miembros de la pareja.
En primer lugar, se debe indicar qué propiedad y uso son dos cosas diferentes y que, en el caso de una ruptura matrimonial, no tienen porqué ir siempre de la mano. Así, puede ocurrir que siendo la vivienda propiedad privativa de uno de los cónyuges (por ejemplo, por haberla adquirido y abonado antes del matrimonio o por herencia), el uso se atribuya al otro. Esto va a depender de factores que nada tienen que ver con la propiedad, como son la existencia de hijos menores, el régimen de custodia que se establezca y cual sea el interés más necesitado de protección.
La atribución del uso, al no afectar a los derechos de propiedad, no exime, a quien es el propietario de la vivienda, de la obligación de seguir abonando la hipoteca que grava el inmueble; así, si la vivienda es propiedad de ambos cónyuges por mitad y existe un préstamo hipotecario, el préstamo tendrá que ser abonado por los dos miembros de la pareja al 50% con independencia de quien de ellos siga residiendo en el domicilio tras la separación o el divorcio. Si la vivienda es propiedad privativa de uno de ellos, el préstamo hipotecario tendrá que seguir abonándose por quien sea el propietario del inmueble, aunque el uso se haya atribuido al otro miembro del matrimonio.
El mismo régimen se aplica todos los gastos que son inherentes a la propiedad como el I.B.I. o los gastos extraordinarios de la comunidad de propietarios que se devenguen; no ocurre lo mismo con los gastos derivados del uso que tendrán que ser sufragados íntegramente por el cónyuge que siga residiendo en la vivienda; será éste el que tenga que abonar de forma exclusiva los gastos de agua, luz, gas y resto de suministros que tenga contratados para la vivienda, así como las cuotas ordinarias de comunidad.
Esta situación permanecerá inalterable hasta que la atribución del uso se modifique o extinga, bien porque así lo convengan de mutuo acuerdo los que fueran cónyuges (lo que generalmente ocurre cuando los hijos comunes abandonan el domicilio familiar), bien porque así lo declare un Juez al considerar que concurre causa para dejar sin efecto la atribución del uso en su día acordada.
Aunque hay que estar al caso concreto y analizarlo de manera singular, algunas de las causas que el Tribunal Supremo ha estimado que pueden dar lugar a la extinción de la atribución del uso de la vivienda familiar en casos de separación o divorcio, son la mayoría de edad de todos los hijos comunes o la convivencia de manera estable y análoga a la marital del cónyuge que tiene atribuido el uso con una tercera persona en el domicilio familiar.
Extinguido el uso, los propietarios deben decidir que van a hacer con el inmueble.
Photo by Brina Blum on Unsplash
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