Noemí Hernández Merchán. Abogada Asociada.
Son muchas las ocasiones en las que se plantea esta pregunta por parte del miembro de la pareja que es el propietario único de la vivienda y es una de las grandes inquietudes que se suscitan en las situaciones de crisis matrimonial. Se debe indicar que, en los casos de separación y divorcio, y por lo que respecta a la vivienda o domicilio en el que ha residido el matrimonio o la familia, hay que diferenciar dos conceptos: el uso y la propiedad de aquella.
Los derechos de propiedad no se van a ver afectados ni por la crisis matrimonial, ni por las decisiones que adopte el juez en los casos de separación o divorcio; así, si uno de los cónyuges era el único propietario de la vivienda, lo seguirá siendo después de la separación o divorcio, si los propietarios son ambos cónyuges por partes iguales o en diferentes porcentajes, lo seguirán siendo de la misma manera tras la crisis matrimonial.
Lo que sí se va a decidir en los casos de separación o divorcio es a cuál de los dos miembros de la pareja se le va a atribuir el uso de esa vivienda, y ello con total independencia de quien de los dos sea el propietario, o en el caso de ser ambos el porcentaje en que lo sea cada uno de ellos. Si bien es cierto que la decisión que se adopte va a depender de los factores concretos que se den en cada una de las situaciones, de manera general nos podemos encontrar con diferentes supuestos:
En el caso de no existir hijos comunes lo que se va a tener en cuenta principalmente es la situación económica y personal de los cónyuges y el desequilibrio que se produce entre ello con la separación o el divorcio; en este caso se va a atender a cuál de los dos miembros de la pareja tiene el interés más necesitado de protección, atribuyéndose a éste el uso de la vivienda. Se ha de indicar que, en estos casos, si la vivienda pertenece de manera privativa a uno de ellos, lo más probable es que el uso se atribuya al que es propietario y que el otro de manera voluntaria abandone ese domicilio.
En el caso de existir hijos comunes, lo primero que se va a tener en cuenta a la hora de atribuir el uso de la vivienda es el régimen de custodia que se acuerde; si se trata de una custodia monoparental, el uso se va a atribuir al cónyuge en cuya compañía queden los hijos comunes, si se trata de una custodia compartida dependerá de la forma en que se arbitre ese régimen de custodia.
El problema de la atribución del uso en un régimen de custodia compartida no surge si se decide que sean los hijos comunes los que permanezcan en el domicilio familiar, siendo los padres los que alternan el uso; si hay que decidir a cuál de los cónyuges se atribuye el uso de la vivienda cuando el anterior régimen de casa nido no es posible y uno de los miembros de la pareja tiene que salir del domicilio familiar. En este caso se va a atender al interés más necesitado de protección al que se hacía mención con anterioridad.
Iguales soluciones, aunque con matices, se adoptarán en los casos en el que los hijos sean mayores de edad pero no independientes económicamente.
Hay que recordar que la atribución del uso es una cuestión independiente de la propiedad por lo que la respuesta a la pregunta que se hace en el título del presente post es si. La siguiente cuestión que se debe abordar ¿durante cuanto tiempo se puede atribuir el uso? ¿esa atribución es para siempre?La respuesta a esta cuestión será objeto de desarrollo en el siguiente post.
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