Eduardo Olarte Soto. Abogado.
España, y Andalucía en especial, cuentan con un gran potencial de recursos naturales. Su gran diversidad geológica hace que el aprovechamiento de este potencial de recursos minerales deba hacerse de manera racional, eficiente y dentro de la legislación vigente. Las empresas mineras en España, desde la más humilde cantera hasta la gran explotación de minería metálica no sólo deben cumplir con las leyes y reglamentos mineros o de seguridad minera sino que, desde la entrada en vigor la Ley Orgánica 1/2015, por la que se reforma del Código Penal, delimitando la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas que desde la reforma del año 2010 expone a las empresas y sus administradores a un repertorio acotado de delitos, la exposición a esta lista cerrada de delitos se ha acentuado. En países con más tradición en materia de cumplimiento legal y prevención de riesgos penales (Compliance Penal) como los Estados Unidos las investigaciones sobre corrupción están a la orden del día. En el campo de la minería, con la excepción de uno o dos casos (mina de bauxita ALCOA en la que el intermediario revendió la producción a una empresa estatal de Bahrain y utilizó parte del beneficio para pagar a funcionarios de dicha empresa, o una sociedad suiza en la que un empleado pagó sobornos a la esposa del ministro de minas de Guinea Ecuatorial para que le otorgara permisos y concesiones; o el caso de la sociedad ukraniana en la que su director fue detenido en Viena en 2014, con base en la extraterritorialidad de la norma USA, por haber pagado sobornos para conseguir permisos para una mina de Titanio en Andhra Pradesh, India), la mayor parte de las investigaciones se centran en el campo del petróleo y gas principalmente. A pesar de que, hasta el día de hoy no se han iniciado grandes investigaciones contra las empresas mineras por la comisión de delitos, la industria minera es muy vulnerable a los riesgos penales pues la mayoría de las circunstancias y los delitos imputados a las grandes empresas industriales son directamente aplicables a las mineras (corrupción entre particulares, cohecho con la administración, corrupción de funcionario público en el campo internacional, fraude de subvenciones, delitos contra la Hacienda o Seguridad Social). En España, sirvan como ejemplos de responsabilidad penal de las sociedades mineras los casos de construcción en lugares no aptos o el almacenamiento de materiales contaminantes en construcciones no autorizadas, infracciones del planeamiento o la construcción sin licencias, vertidos no autorizados o en zonas no autorizadas o la extracción de áridos en una explotación en la que no tiene permiso como por ejemplo la investigación a Minera del Guadarrama, SA, empresa autorizada por la Administración a extraer estaño pero comercializaba los áridos sin permiso, o el caso de Cobre las Cruces a quien se le ha acusado de delitos contra el medio ambiente por la inyección de arsénico en el acuífero y detracción de aguas subterráneas al igual que ha sucedido con Kimbauri España (ahora Orovalle Minerals, SL) a quien la fiscalía ha imputado por el mismo tipo de delito medioambiental por vertidos en el Río Narcea, en Asturias. En marzo del año 2014 la fiscalía ha imputado a varias empresas de la cuenca minera del carbón por fraude en las subvenciones al carbón extraído cuando empresas mineras de la zona engordaban las toneladas que decían extraer para recibir más fondos públicos (UMINSA: 53 millones, ALTO BIERZO SA: 4,3 millones o CARBONES SAN ISIDRO Y MARIA SL: 0,3 millones). A ello se debe unir que las denuncias que pueden presentar terceras partes (grupos ecologistas en casos medioambientales, competidores en casos en los que se busca implicar penalmente a una empresa para ganar una mejor posición a la hora de obtener permisos o concesiones o denuncias de un empleado descontento) y que hacen que, cada día más sea fundamental contar con un programa adecuado de PREVENCIÓN DE RIESGOS PENALES que pueda mitigar esos escenarios.
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1 Comment
la nota que publicaste me fue demasiado util, voy a aprovecharla y mandarsela a un amigo por fb que estaba buscando lo mismo, muchas gracias por compàrtir la data 😀