Abogado Colaborador : Gonzalo Perpiñá
Lo pactado en los contratos, incluyendo en los contratos de arrendamiento, en teoría debería cumplirse por ambas partes. Es decir, si en un contrato de arrendamiento está estipulado que algo se debe hacer o no, o se puede hacer o no, las partes deberían de atenerse a ello. En caso de incumplimiento, habría unas consecuencias para el incumplidor.
En cuanto a la duración del contrato de arrendamiento, lo normal sería que esta fuese la acordada entre las partes y fijada por el contrato. Sin embargo, en nuestra legislación existen una serie de particularidades que determinan que el plazo de duración, en la mayoría de ocasiones, no coincida con el libremente pactado entre las partes.
La norma general que establece la Ley de Arrendamientos Urbanos es que la duración del arrendamiento será la libremente pactada por las partes. No obstante, para los casos de arrendamiento de vivienda (el comúnmente conocido como de larga duración), si esta es inferior a cinco años, el contrato podrá prorrogarse a voluntad del arrendatario hasta ese máximo de cinco años. Antes de continuar la lectura, es vital comprender qué es un contrato de arrendamiento de vivienda[1] , y no caer en el error común de distinguir los contratos en temporada o larga duración únicamente por la duración de los mismos.
Pero ¿Qué pasa cuando el arrendatario quiere terminar el arrendamiento antes de tiempo y romper el contrato? Pues bien, en este caso, la Ley determina que este tendrá derecho a desistir del contrato una vez hayan transcurrido al menos seis meses. Es decir, pasados los primeros seis meses, sin importar la duración establecida en el contrato (siempre que estemos ante un arrendamiento de vivienda). El único requisito será preavisar con un mínimo de treinta días.
¿Existe algún tipo de penalización por rescindir el contrato unilateralmente por parte del arrendatario? La respuesta es no. Para que pueda existir derecho a indemnización a favor del arrendador esta debe haberse pactado previamente en el contrato y únicamente podrá ascender a una mensualidad de la renta en vigor por cada año que queda por cumplir. Lo que se traduce en la realidad en unas indemnizaciones prácticamente inexistentes, teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de contratos se pactan por un período de un año.
¿Qué sucede si el arrendatario quiere desistirse del contrato antes de esos seis meses? En este caso, el arrendador podrá exigir el cumplimiento del contrato, es decir, el pago de las rentas hasta que se cumplan esos seis meses, así como una indemnización por daños y perjuicios (que probablemente sea pequeña) e intereses.
Entonces ¿en qué situación queda el arrendador? Con la legislación actual, el arrendador, al suscribir un contrato de arrendamiento de vivienda, corre el riesgo de que, sea un inquilino bueno o malo, si este lo desea pueda prolongar su estancia en la vivienda hasta cinco años, quedando el arrendador sin ningún tipo de opción a recuperar su propiedad (salvo escasas excepciones poco habituales en la práctica)
En definitiva, la duración del contrato del arrendamiento de vivienda queda prácticamente a libre elección del arrendatario, puesto que este podrá desistirse del mismo sin ningún tipo de sanción una vez transcurridos los seis primeros meses, o podrá alargarlo hasta cinco años contra la voluntad del arrendador.
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