Noemí Hernández Merchán, abogada colaboradora.
En las crisis matrimoniales a veces se olvida que, además de los miembros que conforman la pareja, hay una tercera parte que se ve directamente implicada por las decisiones que se adoptan: los hijos comunes.
No se puede olvidar que en estas situaciones, no solo va a cambiar la vida de los progenitores, sino que también va a variar de manera sustancial la vida de los hijos comunes, por lo que la opinión y voluntad de éstos, especialmente respecto del régimen de custodia, no debe obviarse por más que pueda no coincidir con la que tengan los padres.
La ley Orgánica de Protección Jurídica del Menor en relación con el Código Civil establece que los menores deben ser oídos y escuchados, teniendo en cuenta su opinión, en todos los procedimientos en los que se decidan cuestiones que les afecten siempre que tengan suficiente madurez, lo que se presume si los menores tienen doce años cumplidos.
La audiencia a los menores, en los procedimiento judiciales de familia, puede ser solicitada por cualquiera de las partes, incluyendo al Ministerio Fiscal, o puede ser acordada de oficio por el Juzgado o Tribunal; pues bien, a pesar de lo legalmente dispuesto, los órganos judiciales no siempre acuerdan escuchar a los menores implicados por considerar que esta declaración no resulta realmente necesaria.
El Tribunal Supremo en su Sentencia de 27 de julio de 2021 ha querido dejar zanjada definitivamente esta cuestión y ha resuelto que el derecho del menor a ser «oído y escuchado» forma parte del estatuto jurídico indisponible de los menores de edad y que, como norma de orden público, es de inexcusable observancia para todos los poderes públicos incluyendo el poder judicial.
Señala el Alto Tribunal que la audiencia o exploración de los menores tiene por objeto indagar sobre el interés de estos, procurando su debida y mejor protección y, por este motivo, en principio y para el caso de no haber sido solicitada por ninguna de las partes, debe ser acordada de oficio por el Juzgado o Tribunal.
Matiza después, que en aquellos casos en los que por la falta de madurez de los menores, la audiencia o exploración judicial pueda resultar perjudicial para aquellos y siempre que éstos tengan menos de doce años, se puede o bien prescindir de su audición o bien llevar a cabo la exploración a través de un experto. En estos dos últimos casos el Juzgado o Tribunal deberá motivar su resolución de manera suficiente y adecuada para que aquella no resulte nula.
En conclusión, si los Juzgados y Tribunales aplican la doctrina de Tribunal Supremo, en todos los procedimiento de familia con menores en los que se vayan a decidir cuestiones que les afecten, se les va a escuchar bien directamente, bien a través de expertos. Únicamente no se les dará audiencia en aquellos supuestos en los que se considere que la exploración puede ser perjudicial y esa decisión tiene que ser suficientemente motivada y explicada.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
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Foto de Caleb Woods en Unsplash
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