Miriam Sáez, Abogada colaboradora
El pasado 27 de abril el Gobierno aprobó la nueva Ley de vivienda incluyendo importantes medidas en aras a limitar el incremento de los precios del alquiler, con objeto a mejorar el acceso a la vivienda de la población y mejorar la protección contra desahucios a personas que se encuentran en condiciones de vulnerabilidad.
Esta nueva Ley, La Ley 12/2023, de 24 de mayo, por el derecho a la vivienda, es la primera ley estatal reguladora del derecho a la vivienda desde que se aprobó la Constitución y entró en vigor el pasado día 26 de mayo de 2023.
No obstante, las medidas relativas a los incentivos fiscales que se aplicarán en el IRPF a los arrendatarios de inmuebles destinados a vivienda entrarán en vigor a partir del 01 de enero de 2024.
¿Cuáles son las principales novedades de esta Ley?
El acoso inmobiliario es definido como toda acción u omisión con abuso de derecho con el objetivo de perturbar a cualquier persona en el uso pacífico de su vivienda y crearle un entorno hostil, ya sea en el aspecto material, personal o social, con la finalidad última de forzarla a adoptar una decisión no deseada sobre el derecho que le ampara de uso y disfrute de la vivienda.
Esla Ley define al “gran tenedor” como “la persona física o jurídica que sea titular de más de diez inmuebles urbanos de uso residencial o una superficie construida de más de 1.500 m2 de uso residencial, excluyendo en todo caso garajes y trasteros”. No obstante puede reducirse cuando nos encontremos en zonas residenciales tensionadas, en cuyo caso se considera gran tenedor a “aquellos titulares de cinco o más inmuebles urbanos de uso residencial ubicados en dicho ámbito”.
En este sentido las administraciones podrán imponer a los grandes tenedores de vivienda obligaciones de colaboración y suministro de información sobre el uso y destino de las viviendas de su titularidad.
En materia de arrendamiento de viviendas encontramos grandes novedades:
La declaración de una Zona de Mercado Residencial Tensionado corresponderá a órganos autonómicos según se definirá.
La declaración de la Zona de Mercado Residencial Tensionada se producirá con la concurrencia de una de las dos circunstancias siguientes: que la carga media del coste de la vivienda supere el 30% de la renta media de los hogares; o, alternativamente, que el precio de la vivienda haya experimentado en los cinco años precedentes un crecimiento acumulado superior en un 3% al IPC.
La duración de esta declaración será por 3 años.
Se prevé una relación de la información mínima en las operaciones de compra y arrendamiento de vivienda, no solo relativas a la persona y condiciones económicas, sino también exige información esencial de la vivienda y del edificio (certificado o cédula de habitabilidad, superficie construida, antigüedad y principales reformas, servicios e instalaciones, certificado de eficiencia energética, condiciones de accesibilidad a la vivienda y edificio, estado de ocupación o disponibilidad, información registral, etc.)
Esta Ley introduce además novedades fiscales entre las que se incluye el incremento en el IBI para los tenedores de inmuebles de uso residencial que se encuentren desocupados con carácter permanente.
Además se introducen reducciones en la determinación del rendimiento neto de los arrendamientos en el IRPF.
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