Miriam Sáez, abogada colaboradora.
Lo primero que debemos conocer sobre el concepto jurídico “pareja de hecho” es que la regulación de las mismas viene determinada por la normativa autonómica. De modo que va depender de la residencia y establecimiento donde nos encontremos para poder conocer qué requisitos exige esta unión.
En términos generales, la pareja de hecho puede definirse como la unión de dos personas, de forma libre, estable y pública. Este requisito de publicidad alude al artículo 38.4 de la Ley de Clases Pasivas del Estado, que establece que la existencia de pareja de hecho “se acreditará mediante certificación de la inscripción en alguno de los registros específicos existentes en las comunidades autónomas o ayuntamientos del lugar de residencia o mediante documento público en el que conste la constitución de dicha pareja”.
En sentido práctico este Registro permite a las parejas de hecho acceder a determinadas prestaciones públicas pues se constituía como medio de prueba de su convivencia.
Tal consideración, ha dado lugar a una enorme controversia, en muchos casos por aducir las parejas de hecho no inscritas de tratos discriminatorios por el mero hecho de no estar registradas.
Nuestro Tribunal Supremo, ha fluctuado en su doctrina amparada diversas interpretaciones.
Así en su Sentencia de 28 de mayo de 2020 (STS Nº 1541/2020 de 28 de mayo), establecía que debía seguirse la literalidad de la norma y, por tanto, para el reconocimiento de cuantos derechos pudieran derivarse para la pareja de hecho exigía la inscripción en el Registro Correspondiente; Mientas que en la Sentencia de 7 de abril de 2021 (STS 480/2021, de 7 de abril de 2021), admitió la acreditación de una pareja de hecho no sólo según lo que establece este artículo de la ley sino también mediante un certificado de empadronamiento que demostraba la inequívoca convivencia de una pareja.
Sin embargo, la nueva Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo (STS nº 372/2022 de 24 de marzo), cambia de nuevo el criterio recuperando la interpretación anterior a la Sentencia de abril 2021 al considerar que la pensión de viudedad no es a favor de todas las parejas de hecho que acrediten su convivencia, sino que tal prestación queda en beneficio exclusivo de aquellas que han procedido a su registro en la forma legalmente establecida. Todo ello, a la par que aclara que la Sentencia de abril de 2021 fue un supuesto “limite” y atendía a las circunstancias tan particulares del mismo, de modo que se trataría de una excepción y no de la norma.
Es reseñable que el nuevo criterio del Tribunal Supremo sienta doctrina ante la reiteración de este criterio jurisprudencial por este tribunal (artículo 1.6 C. Civil)
Todo ello pese a que otra reciente sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional de 21 de marzo de 2022, rechazaba que la única vía para acreditar la convivencia de una pareja de hecho fuera la inscripción en el Registro pues supondría tratar de forma desigual situaciones materiales que son jurídicamente iguales (artículo 14 de la Constitución), al tiempo que el propio Tribunal lo achacaba a la falta de regulación estatal uniforme sobre esta cuestión.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
Si usted desea resolver una consulta relacionada con esta temática o cualquier otra, puede contactarnos a través de este formulario.
Foto de Toa Heftiba en Unsplash
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