Abogado colaborador, Juan Carlos Hernández Borrego
La incapacidad permanente constituye una prestación económica que reconoce el sistema de la Seguridad Social en favor de aquellos trabajadores que, tras haber estado sometidos a tratamiento médico y haber sido dados de alta, presentan reducciones anatómicas o funcionales graves, susceptibles de determinación objetiva y previsiblemente definitivas, que disminuyen o anulan su capacidad laboral.
1. Concepto y Finalidad
La incapacidad permanente tiene por objeto compensar la pérdida de ingresos derivada de una limitación física o psíquica que impide, total o parcialmente, el desarrollo normal de la actividad profesional. Su reconocimiento implica el acceso a una prestación económica cuya cuantía depende del grado reconocido y de la base reguladora correspondiente.
2. Tipos de Incapacidad Permanente
El ordenamiento jurídico español contempla cuatro grados de incapacidad permanente, conforme al artículo 194 del Texto Refundido de la Ley General de la Seguridad Social (TRLGSS):
a) Incapacidad Permanente Parcial
Se reconoce cuando las secuelas limitan el rendimiento laboral en al menos un 33 %, sin impedir al trabajador el desarrollo de su profesión habitual. La prestación consiste en una indemnización a tanto alzado equivalente a 24 mensualidades de la base reguladora.
b) Incapacidad Permanente Total
Se produce cuando el trabajador no puede realizar su profesión habitual, aunque sí puede dedicarse a otras actividades compatibles con su estado. La prestación es una pensión vitalicia del 55 % de la base reguladora, incrementable hasta el 75 % a partir de los 55 años si existen dificultades para acceder a otro empleo (lo que se denomina «total cualificada»).
c) Incapacidad Permanente Absoluta
Inhabilita por completo al beneficiario para toda profesión u oficio. Da derecho a una pensión del 100 % de la base reguladora.
d) Gran Invalidez
Es el grado más severo. Se concede cuando, además de la incapacidad absoluta, la persona necesita la asistencia de otra para realizar actos esenciales de la vida cotidiana. En este caso, la pensión se incrementa con un complemento destinado a sufragar el coste de dicha ayuda.
3. Requisitos Generales
Para acceder a cualquiera de estos grados de incapacidad, es preciso cumplir los siguientes requisitos:
4. Procedimiento de reconocimiento
El procedimiento se puede iniciar de oficio por el Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS), por las Mutuas Colaboradoras con la Seguridad Social, por las entidades gestoras o por solicitud directa del interesado. Las fases son:
5. Recursos
Si la resolución no es favorable, cabe interponer reclamación previa en el plazo de 30 días hábiles desde la notificación. Si esta es desestimada o no se responde en 45 días, el interesado puede acudir a la jurisdicción social, mediante la presentación de una demanda ante el Juzgado de lo Social competente.
Conclusión
La incapacidad permanente es un mecanismo esencial de protección para los trabajadores afectados por limitaciones físicas o psíquicas que condicionan o imposibilitan su desempeño profesional. Su correcto reconocimiento exige no solo el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales, sino también una adecuada acreditación médica y laboral.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted. Si usted desea resolver una consulta personalizada relacionada con esta temática u otra, puede contactarnos a través de este formulario o enviado un email a info@leonolarte.com
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