Abogado Colaborador, Juan Carlos Hernández
El período de prueba se regula principalmente en el artículo 14 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores (Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre), así como en los convenios colectivos sectoriales o de empresa que pueden establecer condiciones específicas dentro de los límites legales.
El período de prueba es una cláusula contractual válida que permite a ambas partes (empleador y trabajador) resolver la relación laboral sin preaviso ni indemnización, siempre que dicha resolución se produzca dentro del plazo pactado y que el pacto haya sido acordado por escrito al inicio de la relación laboral.
Para que el período de prueba sea válido deben concurrir los siguientes requisitos:
La duración máxima del período de prueba es la siguiente, salvo que el convenio colectivo disponga lo contrario:
En los contratos temporales de duración determinada inferior a 6 meses, el período de prueba no puede exceder de 1 mes, salvo disposición en contrario del convenio colectivo.
Durante el período de prueba, cualquiera de las partes puede resolver la relación sin alegar causa, siempre que no haya mediado abuso de derecho o discriminación prohibida.
No obstante, la jurisprudencia ha matizado que la extinción debe respetar los derechos fundamentales. La resolución del contrato durante el período de prueba no puede tener como causa real una motivación discriminatoria o vulneradora de derechos fundamentales (por ejemplo, embarazo, afiliación sindical, etc.). En tal caso, la extinción sería nula conforme al artículo 55.5 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores.
Durante el período de prueba el trabajador tiene los mismos derechos y obligaciones que el resto de la plantilla en su misma categoría profesional. Esto incluye retribución, jornada, descanso, prevención de riesgos laborales, etc.
Asimismo, el tiempo trabajado durante el período de prueba se computa a efectos de antigüedad, salvo disposición expresa en contrario que sea más favorable al trabajador.
Los convenios colectivos pueden:
Es fundamental examinar el convenio colectivo aplicable antes de pactar el período de prueba.
Conclusión:
El período de prueba es una herramienta legítima que exige rigor formal y sustantivo. Su inobservancia o uso abusivo del mismo puede conllevar la nulidad de la cláusula o incluso la readmisión del trabajador. La correcta aplicación del período de prueba requiere atención tanto al contrato individual como al convenio colectivo y el respeto escrupuloso de los derechos fundamentales.
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