Noemí Hernández Merchán, abogada colaboradora.
En primer lugar hay que indicar que para poder liquidar o establecer un reparto de los bienes gananciales es necesario que el régimen económico matrimonial haya quedado disuelto. Según dispone el Código Civil, la sociedad de gananciales queda disuelta cuando se decreta el divorcio, la separación o la nulidad del matrimonio o cuando los cónyuges decidan pactar en escritura pública un régimen económico diferente.
Una vez que concurre causa de disolución, se puede hablar de liquidación o reparto de bienes, cuestión que tiene especial relevancia en el régimen de gananciales ya que en el régimen económico de separación de bienes no hay un reparto como tal, toda vez que cada uno va a seguir siendo propietario de los bienes que tenía antes del matrimonio y también de los que haya adquirido una vez contraído este.
Por el contrario, la sociedad de gananciales supone que los cónyuges en general y salvo excepciones, ponen en común todas los bienes que adquieran y todas las ganancias y beneficios que cualquiera de los dos obtenga mientras dure el matrimonio. Cuando esa sociedad de gananciales queda disuelta, hay que proceder a su liquidación o reparto que en ningún caso opera de manera automática, ni la ley obliga a realizar en un momento o tiempo determinado.
La liquidación de la sociedad de gananciales puede hacerse de dos maneras:
Si bien lo más aconsejable es intentar llegar a un acuerdo, en el caso de no resultar posible, habrá que iniciar el procedimiento de liquidación de la sociedad de gananciales que es un proceso largo en el tiempo que comprende dos fases. Una primera fase de formación de inventario en la que se van a identificar todos los bienes y derechos que integran el activo y todas las deudas que conforman el pasivo.
Una vez que ese inventario es aprobado y queda perfectamente fijado, bien por haber llegado los participes a un acuerdo en las partidas que lo conforman, bien por haberlo determinado y fijado el Juez, comienza la segunda fase que es la propia de liquidación y adjudicación.
En esta segunda fase se van a adjudicar los bienes, derechos y deudas por mitad entre los participes de la sociedad de gananciales, y, como en el caso del inventario, bien por acuerdo de las partes, bien por decisión judicial.
Por último indicar que durante el periodo que transcurra entre la disolución y la liquidación de la sociedad de gananciales, lo que surge es una comunidad de bienes que se rige por las normas de la comunidad ordinaria del Código Civil.
Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
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