Gonzalo Perpiñá, Abogado colaborador
¿Qué es el régimen de Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor (RAP)?
El régimen de Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor es el conjunto de medidas adoptadas para garantizar que los productores de productos asuman la responsabilidad de la gestión de la fase de residuo del ciclo de vida de un producto (en este post anterior explicamos qué es un productor de producto).
¿Qué es un Sistema de Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor (SRAP)?
Los Sistemas de Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor son organismos gestionados por entidades sin ánimo de lucro que asisten y permiten a las empresas a cumplir con sus obligaciones de responsabilidad ampliada del productor.
Antiguo régimen de RAP (hasta 2022):
Con la Ley 11/1997, de 24 de abril, se regula por primera vez este sistema, de modo que las empresas que producen los productos que con el uso se convierten en residuos, son los que deben asumir la responsabilidad de su gestión.
Tras varias modificaciones legislativas, entró en vigor la Ley 22/2011, de 28 de julio, que introdujo el sistema vigente hasta finales del año 2022. Con ella, se establecía la obligación de adherirse a un sistema de responsabilidad ampliada del productor (SRAP) únicamente a aquellas empresas envasadoras que pusieran en el mercado envases domésticos.
Régimen actual de RAP (a partir de 2022):
Sin embargo, el régimen actual, que llega a finales del año 2022 con la entrada en vigor del Real Decreto 1055/2022, aplica el régimen de responsabilidad ampliada del productor, además de a los envases domésticos, al resto de envases comerciales e industriales, a los que con carácter general no se les aplicaba hasta la fecha en España. Se cumple así con la obligación de la Directiva (UE) 2018/852 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 30 de mayo de 2018, de establecer regímenes de responsabilidad ampliada del productor para todos los envases antes de 2025.
De este modo, a partir de la entrada en vigor de este Real Decreto la obligación de adherirse a un SRAP se extiende a la totalidad de las empresas, independientemente del tipo de envase que pongan en circulación, ya sean domésticos, comerciales o industriales.
Obligación de adherirse a los SRAP retrasada a 2024:
A pesar de encontrarse en vigor la obligación de adherirse a un SRAP para todas las empresas sin importar el tipo de envases que pongan en circulación en el mercado español, esta obligación se ha visto retrasada para los envases comerciales e industriales hasta 2024, puesto que, debido a la novedad de la norma, todavía no existen SRAP dedicados a estos tipos de envases. De este modo, a la hora de inscribirse en el Registro de productores de Productos, a pesar de ser obligatorio indicar a qué SRAP se está adherido, no será necesario indicarlo por las empresas para este tipo de productos, debiendo marcar la casilla “no constituido”.
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