Abogado colaborador, Gonzalo Perpiñá
Las obras en los elementos comunes de una comunidad de propietarios son una fuente habitual de conflictos entre vecinos. ¿Qué mayoría hace falta para aprobarlas? ¿Quién debe pagar los costes? ¿Se necesita permiso para obras en terrazas, patios o fachadas?
Como abogados especialistas en comunidades de propietarios en Sevilla, respondemos a continuación estas preguntas clave de forma clara y basada en la legislación vigente. Aunque la casuística es muy amplia, abordamos los supuestos más frecuentes conforme a la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal.
¿Qué se entiende por elementos comunes en una comunidad de propietarios?
Según el artículo 396 del Código Civil y la Ley de Propiedad Horizontal (LPH), se consideran elementos comunes aquellos que pertenecen a todos los propietarios y no a una vivienda o local en exclusiva. Algunos ejemplos habituales son: la fachada del edificio; la cubierta y tejado; patios interiores; estructura, cimentación y forjados; escaleras, portal, ascensor; tuberías generales bajantes y acometidas; instalaciones de agua, luz, gas, telecomunicaciones o climatización centralizada.
Realizar obras en estos elementos requiere acuerdo en Junta de Propietarios y, en ciertos casos, autorización administrativa.
¿Qué mayoría es necesaria para aprobar obras en elementos comunes?
La Ley de Propiedad Horizontal distingue distintos supuestos con mayorías diferentes, según el tipo de obra:
1. Obras obligatorias por motivos legales o de seguridad
Se pueden realizar sin acuerdo de la Junta, incluyendo:
En estos casos, todos los propietarios están obligados a pagar, incluso los disidentes.
2. Obras para la instalación de ascensores o mejoras de accesibilidad
Desde la reforma de la LPH, la instalación de ascensores u otras mejoras para eliminar barreras arquitectónicas no requiere unanimidad, sino que basta con la mayoría simple (art. 17.2 LPH), y es obligatoria si lo solicita un propietario con discapacidad o mayor de 70 años, siempre que el coste anual no exceda de 12 mensualidades ordinarias de gastos comunes.
3. Obras de mejora o embellecimiento (no necesarias)
Ejemplos: instalación de cámaras de vigilancia, antenas colectivas, placas solares para consumo común o cerramiento de una zona común.
Requieren mayoría de 3/5 partes de propietarios y cuotas (art. 17.3 LPH).
Los propietarios disidentes no están obligados a pagar si la obra no es necesaria.
4. Innovaciones que afecten a la configuración o estructura del edificio
Cualquier intervención que altere la estructura o fachada requiere también mayoría de 3/5, así como la autorización administrativa pertinente. En caso de afectar a un elemento privativo, se requerirá el consentimiento del afectado.
5. Unanimidad
Solo se exige para acuerdos que impliquen:
¿Quién paga las obras en elementos comunes?
En general, los gastos comunes se reparten conforme a la cuota de participación que cada propietario tiene en el edificio. Sin embargo:
Además, si un vecino realiza una obra en elementos comunes sin autorización, la comunidad podrá exigir la reposición al estado original y la indemnización por daños.
¿Es obligatorio pedir permiso para hacer obras en la comunidad?
Sí. Las obras en elementos comunes requieren siempre acuerdo en Junta, salvo en casos de urgencia o legalmente obligatorios. Además, pueden requerir:
Nunca se deben realizar obras por cuenta propia en patios, cubiertas o fachadas, aunque sean de uso privativo: el uso no equivale a propiedad.
Conclusión
Antes de iniciar cualquier obra en una comunidad de propietarios, es fundamental conocer qué tipo de intervención se trata, cuál es la mayoría necesaria y quién debe asumir el coste. En muchos casos, evitar una impugnación de acuerdo, una orden de paralización o una reclamación judicial depende de una correcta asesoría legal.
Somos abogados especialistas en propiedad horizontal, con amplia experiencia en conflictos por obras comunitarias y acuerdos impugnables.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted. Si usted desea resolver una consulta personalizada relacionada con esta temática u otra, puede contactarnos a través de este formulario o enviando un email a info@leonolarte.com.
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