Gerardo Parejo Fernández. Abogado Asociado.
El pasado sábado 14 de marzo fue publicado en el Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) el Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19 (comúnmente conocido como “coronavirus”), con la finalidad de afrontar la situación de emergencia sanitaria experimentada en el territorio nacional y tras ser calificada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) de pandemia internacional.
La duración del estado de alarma se establece en 15 días naturales, de tal forma que perdería su vigencia el próximo 29 de marzo, a menos que sea prorrogado, posibilidad que se contempla expresamente en el Real Decreto.
Limitación de la libertad de circulación de personas
Durante el estado de alarma las personas sólo podrán circular por las vías públicas para realizar las siguientes actividades:
También se permitirá la circulación de vehículos particulares para la realización de estas actividades o para el repostaje en gasolineras o estaciones de servicio, si bien podrá acordarse el cierre de carreteras o tramos por razones de salud púbica, seguridad o fluidez del tráfico.
¿Puedo sacar a pasear a mi perro?
Según la OMS no hay ninguna evidencia científica de que los animales domésticos transmitan o padezcan el COVID-19. En base a esto, si bien el Real Decreto no habla expresamente de ello (refiere a actividades de análoga naturaleza que habrán de hacerse individualmente), el Presidente del Gobierno durante su comparecencia del pasado 14 de marzo manifestó que los ciudadanos podrían sacar a pasear a sus perros durante el confinamiento.
En este sentido, la Dirección General de Derecho de los Animales, que depende del Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030, ha emitido un comunicado detallando cuáles son los pasos que deberán seguirse:
Medidas de contención en el ámbito educativo
Se suspende la actividad educativa presencial en todos los centros y etapas, ciclos, grados, cursos y niveles de enseñanza, incluida la enseñanza universitaria, así como cualesquiera otras actividades educativas o de formación impartidas en otros centros públicos o privados.
Medidas de contención en la actividad comercial
Se suspende la apertura al público de los locales y establecimientos minoristas, a excepción de los siguientes:
La permanencia en estos establecimientos deberá ser la estrictamente necesaria para poder realizar la adquisición de alimentos y productos de primera necesidad, estando prohibido consumir productos en el propio establecimiento. Habrán de evitarse las aglomeraciones y se controlará que consumidores y empleados mantengan la distancia de seguridad de al menos un metro.
Se suspende la apertura al público de los museos, archivos, bibliotecas, monumentos, así como de los locales y establecimientos en los que se desarrollen espectáculos públicos, actividades deportivas y de ocio. También las actividades de hostelería y restauración, pudiendo prestarse exclusivamente servicios de entrega a domicilio.
En cuanto a los lugares de culto, ceremonias civiles y religiosas, incluidas las fúnebres, se condicionan a la adopción de medidas organizativas para evitar aglomeraciones de personas, garantizando respetar la distancia entre los asistentes de al menos un metro
Medidas en materia de transporte
En los servicios de transporte público de viajero por carretera, ferroviario, aéreo y marítimo que no están sometidos a contrato público u obligaciones de servicio público (OSP), los operadores de transporte reducirán la oferta total de operaciones en, al menos, un 50 %. Los servicios ferroviarios de cercanías, y los servicios de transporte público de viajeros por carretera, ferroviario y marítimo de competencia autonómica o local que están sometidos a contrato público u OSP, o sean de titularidad pública, mantendrán su oferta de servicios.
Suspensión de plazos procesales y administrativos, prescripción y caducidad
Se suspenden e interrumpen los plazos previstos en las leyes procesales para todos los órdenes jurisdiccionales, a excepción de los procedimientos de habeas corpus, servicios de guardia, actuaciones con detenido, órdenes de protección, actuaciones urgentes en materia de vigilancia penitenciaria y cualquier medida cautelar en materia de violencia sobre la mujer o menores. El cómputo de los plazos se reanudará en el momento en que se levante el estado de alarma. También se suspenden e interrumpen los plazos en el orden administrativo.
Finalmente, Los plazos de prescripción y caducidad de cualesquiera acciones y derechos quedarán suspendidos durante el plazo de vigencia del estado de alarma.
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