Abogada colaboradora, Maria del Carmen Quintero
La Administración Pública, al igual que cualquier particular, puede incurrir en responsabilidad por los daños que cause a los ciudadanos en el ejercicio de sus funciones. Este tipo de reclamación se conoce como «responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración», y se regula en el artículo 106.2 de la Constitución Española, en los artículos 91 y 92 de la Ley 39/2015, de Procedimiento Administrativo Común de las Administraciones Públicas y en los artículos 32 a 35 de la Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público. En este artículo, exploraremos cómo proceder con una reclamación de este tipo, las circunstancias en las que procede y los pasos a seguir para optimizar las posibilidades de éxito.
¿Cuándo es Posible Reclamar Daños a la Administración?
Para reclamar daños a la Administración es necesario cumplir con ciertos requisitos, entre los cuales destacan:
Pasos para Reclamar Daños a la Administración
1. Presentar una Solicitud de Responsabilidad Patrimonial
El primer paso para reclamar es presentar una solicitud ante la Administración que se considera responsable del daño. Esta solicitud debe incluir los datos del solicitante, una descripción detallada de los hechos, el daño sufrido, y el importe que se reclama como indemnización. Asimismo, se deben adjuntar las pruebas necesarias, tales como informes médicos, peritajes o testigos que respalden la reclamación.
2. Recabar Pruebas Sólidas
Para que la reclamación prospere, es fundamental aportar pruebas que demuestren tanto el daño como su nexo causal con la actuación administrativa. En muchos casos, contar con la asesoría de un abogado experto en derecho administrativo puede ser crucial, ya que conocer la normativa y los criterios aplicados en cada tipo de caso puede marcar la diferencia en la resolución de la reclamación.
3. Plazos para Presentar la Reclamación
El plazo para presentar la reclamación es generalmente de un año desde el momento en que se produjo el daño o desde que se tuvo conocimiento del mismo. Si la reclamación se presenta fuera de este plazo, la Administración puede desestimarla por extemporaneidad.
4. Resolución Administrativa
La Administración dispone de seis meses para resolver la solicitud. Si no se emite una resolución en este plazo, se considera que existe “silencio administrativo negativo”, es decir, se entiende que la solicitud ha sido desestimada, lo que permite al ciudadano interponer un recurso contencioso-administrativo.
5. Vía Judicial: Recurso Contencioso-Administrativo
Si la Administración deniega la reclamación o no responde en el plazo establecido, el siguiente paso es presentar un recurso contencioso-administrativo ante el Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo competente contra el acto presunto o expreso denegatorio, y si durante el contencioso se dicta un acto expreso, se deberá de ampliar el recurso inicialmente interpuesto contra el acto presunto, al acto expreso posterior.
Recomendaciones Finales
Para obtener una compensación por los daños causados por la Administración Pública, es fundamental cumplir con los plazos y requisitos mencionados, y contar con un asesoramiento adecuado que facilite el proceso. El procedimiento puede ser complejo y prolongado, especialmente si es necesario acudir a la vía judicial. Por ello, la preparación de una reclamación bien fundamentada y el conocimiento de la normativa aplicable aumentan las posibilidades de éxito.
Conclusión: La responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración garantiza a los ciudadanos el derecho a ser indemnizados cuando sufren daños injustos causados por actos administrativos. Cumplir con los requisitos legales y seguir el procedimiento adecuado permite a los ciudadanos defender sus derechos y reclamar una compensación justa.
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