Gonzalo Perpiñá, abogado colaborador.
Hoy en día es de lo más habitual realizar viajes en avión en los que nuestra estancia en destino lo es durante solo unos pocos días. En consecuencia, lo más frecuente es viajar únicamente con el equipaje de mano, ya que para la mayoría es más que suficiente.
Durante años las aerolíneas nos acostumbraron a poder viajar únicamente de forma gratuita. Sin embargo, desde hace unos años, se ha extendido la práctica de cobrar por este equipaje de mano, práctica que, como ahora veremos, es absolutamente contraria a la normativa que regula esta materia.
Para analizar esta cuestión, debemos partir de la distinción que hacen tanto la ley como la jurisprudencia ente equipaje facturado y equipaje de mano o no facturado.
El equipaje facturado es aquél que viaja en la bodega del avión respecto del cual se considera que no se trata de un servicio obligatorio ni indispensable para el transporte de pasajeros, pudiendo en este caso las compañías aéreas cobrar un suplemento sobre el precio del billete, en base al principio de libertad de precios.
Cosa distinta es el equipaje de mano o equipaje no facturado, respecto del cual sí que se considera un elemento indispensable del transporte aéreo, por lo que la compañía aérea viene obligado a transportarlo sin poder exigir ningún tipo de suplemento o sobrecoste sobre el precio del billete al pasajero
Esta diferencia de trato es lógica y razonable, pues mientras que el equipaje facturado le implica a la compañía aérea un encarecimiento de sus costes (aumento del coste de combustible al portar más peso, costes de personal al necesitar personal de tierra en los mostradores de facturación más de las empresas de handling), etc. , además de la responsabilidad que asume al tener que vigilar y custodiar las pertenencias del pasajero desde que le son entregadas hasta que se las entrega al pasajero en destino final, mientras que, por el contrario, en el equipaje de mano, la compañía aérea no asume tales costes por lo que ese suplemento no estaría tampoco justificado.
Pues bien, este criterio se fundamenta en el artículo 97 de la Ley 48/1960, de 21 de julio, sobre Navegación Aérea, que establece que el transportista está obligado a transportar juntamente con los viajeros, y dentro del precio del billete, tanto el equipaje y objetos que el viajero lleve consigo, como el equipaje de mano, incluyendo los artículos adquiridos en las tiendas situadas en aeropuertos. La única exclusión posible será razones de seguridad, vinculadas al peso o al tamaño del objeto, en relación con las características de la aeronave.
Teniendo en cuenta lo dicho, la más reciente jurisprudencia falla en el sentido de declarar ilegal el cobro por el equipaje de mano puesto que esto genera un grave desequilibrio de prestaciones entre las partes contratantes en perjuicio del consumidor, por lo que declaran esta cláusula nula y desterrada del contrato, conforme a lo dispuesto en los arts. 82. 1 y 4, 86.7, 87 y 89.5 de la LCGC.
Son muchas las sentencias que avalan este criterio, siendo la más destacada la sentencia de 18 de septiembre de 2014 del TJUE, asunto C-487/12, (Vueling Airlines, S.A. / Instituto Galego de Consumo de la Xunta de Galicia), que marca un criterio seguido por muchos tribunales de nuestro país como por ejemplo la reciente sentencia nº 787/2022 del Juzgado Mercantil número 1 de Madrid, la sentencia nº 373/2019 del Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 13 de Madrid o la sentencia nº 3/2020 del Juzgado Mercantil nº3 de Alicante de 31 de enero de 2020.
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
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