María del Carmen Quintero, abogada colaboradora.
La pensión alimenticia nunca tiene carácter vitalicio y la obligación legal de prestar alimentos está llamada a desaparecer en un futuro, ya que es de esperar que llegue un momento en el que el alimentista obtenga ingresos suficientes para cubrir sus necesidades, sin tener que solicitar la ayuda de sus progenitores o de otros parientes. El problema es determinar cuándo llega ese momento.
Mientras que el hijo es menor de edad, la pensión alimenticia nunca puede extinguirse, ya que es una obligación derivada de la patria potestad, tal y como lo dispone el artículo 154 del Código Civil. Sin embargo, en caso de que el hijo menor de edad reciba ingresos suficientes para atender sus necesidades (por los motivos que sean), se podría suspender dicha obligación de prestar alimentos, pero en ningún caso se puede extinguir.
La principal causa de extinción de la pensión de alimentos es alcanzar una independencia económica por parte del hijo. No obstante, en los artículos 150 y 152 del Código Civil se regulan las causas por las que se puede extinguir y, en concreto, son las siguientes:
Por otro lado, una de las opciones que tienen los hijos cuando llegan a la mayoría de edad es buscar trabajo. Puede suceder que a pesar de que haya obtenido la tarjeta de demandante de empleo y haya presentado su currículum, siga sin encontrar trabajo, ¿qué pasaría aquí? El criterio mayoritario opta por limitar temporalmente esa pensión poniéndole una fecha final a la percepción de la ayuda.
No obstante, cuando el hijo ni estudia ni trabaja y no hace nada por encontrar un empleo teniendo más de 21 años, se acuerda la extinción de dicha pensión de alimentos. Viven acomodados en una situación de dependencia con edad suficiente para haberse incorporado al mundo laboral o haber terminado su formación
Así que, en principio, esta pensión se tiene que seguir abonando hasta que no se dé una de las causas previstas anteriormente para proceder con su extinción, aunque siempre hay que ver el caso en concreto como hemos podido ver. Además, esta pensión no se extingue automáticamente, sino que es necesario iniciar un procedimiento de modificación de medidas donde hay que acreditar que la situación ha cambiado desde que se dictó la sentencia de separación o divorcio. Por lo que hasta que no se realice el correspondiente procedimiento de modificación de medidas, hay que seguir abonando la pensión, de lo contrario, se podría incurrir en un delito de impago de pensión de alimentos (artículo 227 del Código Penal).
Este artículo es informativo y no constituye un asesoramiento personalizado para usted.
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