Abogado Colaborador, Juan Carlos Hernández
El Tribunal Supremo, en su sentencia de 21 de febrero de 2024 (rec.nº 862/2023), ha venido a reconocer la inexistencia de límites temporales respecto al complemento de pensión por aportación demográfica, otorgándole por tanto el carácter de imprescriptible.
Con relación a este complemento, fue la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 12 de diciembre de 2019 (Asunto C-450/18) la encargada de reconocer que el derecho es exigible no solo por mujeres beneficiarias de la prestación contributiva, sino también por aquellos hombres con al menos dos hijos biológicos o adoptados en análoga situación. No obstante, dicha sentencia no llegó a determinar los límites temporales referentes a los efectos del complemento, aspecto que, por el contrario, sí trata específicamente la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo antes mencionada.
Pues bien, es sabido que el plazo general de prescripción de las prestaciones de carácter contributivo es de cinco años, los cuales empiezan a contar desde el día siguiente a aquel en que tiene lugar el hecho causante de la prestación de que se trate; siendo a tal efecto la excepción la prestación contributiva de jubilación, así como la pensión de muerte y la de supervivencia (viudedad y orfandad).
En la citada sentencia, el Tribunal Supremo entiende que el reconocimiento del complemento de maternidad por aportación demográfica produce efectos desde la fecha del hecho causante de la pensión de jubilación. Esto es así por cuanto, hasta la STJUE de 12 de diciembre 2019, existía una discriminación por razón de sexo contraria al principio de no discriminación y al derecho a la igualdad, de forma que la íntegra reparación del daño económico habría necesariamente de implicar la retroacción de efectos al momento del hecho causante.
Por otro lado, la Sala de lo Social del Alto Tribunal considera que no existe prescripción del derecho al complemento en la medida que, para aquellos supuestos previos a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 12 de diciembre de 2019, los hombres no tenían aún forma de adquirir pleno conocimiento de un derecho que la literalidad de la norma les negaba, y en consecuencia, con anterioridad a la misma no podía comenzar plazo de prescripción alguno.
Asimismo, el Tribunal Supremo establece la necesidad de que la naturaleza jurídica imprescriptible de una prestación contributiva vincule también a la de su complemento, debiendo ser éste, por tanto, igualmente imprescriptible. Es decir, si el complemento no es autónomo como tal, y por lo tanto actúa accesoriamente a la pensión contributiva, no constituye una pretensión independiente de la solicitada en el momento en que se pide la pensión, sino que, según palabras de la propia Sala, “estaba ínsita en la acción ejercitada para solicitar la prestación a la que complementa, al alcanzar su objeto no solo a las consecuencias básicas de cada prestación, sino también a todos los elementos determinantes del contenido económico de la correspondiente pensión, entre ellos, el porcentaje aplicable, o el complemento que corresponda”.
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