Abogado Colaborador: Juan Carlos Hernandez
Atendiendo a la vigente regulación legal del artículo 37.6 ET, la persona trabajadora tendrá derecho a una reducción de la jornada de trabajo diaria con la finalidad de atender al cuidado de menores de 12 años que se encuentren a su cargo, con la disminución proporcional del salario entre, al menos, un octavo y un máximo de la mitad de la duración de aquélla, siempre y cuando acredite debidamente esta situación.
Con ello, lo que pretende el legislador es permitir el acceso de los trabajadores a unas condiciones que faciliten a los empleados la atención de sus obligaciones familiares. Aunque esto, a priori, pueda interpretarse como un derecho prioritario para la elección de un horario más flexible, el Tribunal Supremo marca unos límites; ya que la reducción de jornada no implica una modificación sustancial de la misma.
Pues bien, así ha venido a establecerlo la reciente sentencia de la Sala de lo Social del Tribunal Supremo de 21 de noviembre de 2023 (rcud nº 3576/2020), que deniega la posibilidad de acceder a un tuno únicamente de mañanas a una trabajadora que prestaba servicio en turnos rotatorios.
En el supuesto de hecho enjuiciado, la trabajadora se reincorporaba de una excedencia por cuidado de hijo cuando solicitó una reducción de jornada que incluía la adscripción al turno de mañanas. La empresa accedió finalmente a la petición de la trabajadora, pero debiendo permanecer en su jornada habitual de turnos, alegando para ello razones organizativas y productivas que implicarían una descompensación de personal que imposibilitaban un cambio de horario.
En primera instancia, el Juzgado número 2 de Cartagena acogió la pretensión de la empleada, condenado a la empresa a aceptar su pretensión de trabajar en turnos de mañanas. Por su parte, la empresa recurrió en suplicación, siendo el recurso desestimado por la Sala de lo Social del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Murcia, el cual confirmó el pronunciamiento de instancia y condenó, además, en costas a la demandada en 500 euros.
Por último, la empresa formalizó recurso de casación para unificación de la doctrina ante la Sala de lo Social del Tribunal Supremo, el cual fue finalmente estimado, corrigiendo el criterio seguido por ambas instancias y negando a la trabajadora la elección de turno en cuestión.
Los motivos por los cuales la Sala de lo Social del Tribunal Supremo impide realizar el cambio de turno son, en primer lugar porque las razones en las que la empresa fundamenta su negativa tienen suficiente entidad, ya que se considera acreditado que en el turno de tardes existe un mayor volumen de tareas que justifican las causas organizativas y productivas en las que sustentar la negativa.
Por otro lado, también establece la Sala que, una reducción de jornada, no habilita para modificar sustancialmente el sistema de trabajo. En este sentido, la Sala del Alto Tribunal decide traer a colación a la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea -TJUE- de 2019, donde se destaca la acotación de la reducción de jornada dentro de la jornada ordinaria.
Otro supuesto distinto hubiese sido que la trabajadora hubiera solicitado una adaptación de su jornada de trabajo (la llamada jornada a la carta») en los términos previstos en el artículo 34.8 E.T, que se ciñe específicamente a la reorganización y adaptación del tiempo de trabajo y bajo la que podría haber tenido cabida la pretensión de la trabajadora.
Es por ello que el Tribunal Supremo vuelve a asentar nueva jurisprudencia en materia de reducciones de jornada, declarando que la concesión de las mismas no habilita de modo alguno para realizar a su vez modificaciones sustanciales en las condiciones laborales ni tampoco para alterar el sistema de trabajo que se viniera aplicando en la empresa respecto al trabajador en cuestión.
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